The Province of British Columbia is developing a suite of attributes to assess and monitor forest sustainability. Each attribute is in turn evaluated using a variety of indicators. Recently, digital remote sensing technologies have emerged as both alternative and supplement to traditional monitoring techniques, with light detection and ranging (lidar) in particular showing great promise for estimating a variety of indicators. The goal of this thesis was to review and assess the ability of lidar to estimate selected indicators of forest sustainability. Specifically, digital elevation model (DEM) interpolation (from which indicators are extracted both directly and indirectly) and wildlife tree class distributions were examined. Digital elevation models are a key derivative of lidar data, and their generation is a critical step in the data processing stream. A validation exercise was undertaken to determine which combination of interpolation routine and spatial resolution was the most accurate. Ground returns were randomly subsetted into prediction and validation datasets. Linear, quintic, natural neighbour, spline with tension, regularized spline, inverse distance weighting, and ANUDEM interpolation routines were used to generate surfaces at spatial resolutions of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m. The 0.5 m natural neighbour surface was found to be the most accurate (RMSE=0.17 m). Classification and regression tree analysis indicated that slope and ground return density were the best predictors of interpolation error. The amount and variability of living and dead wood in a forest stand is an important indicator of forest biodiversity. In the second study, the capacity of lidar to estimate the distribution of living and dead trees within forests is investigated. Twenty-two field plots were established in which each stem (DBH>10cm) was assigned to a wildlife tree (WT) class. For each plot, a suite of lidar-derived predictor variables were extracted. Ordinal logistic regression was then employed to predict the cumulative proportions of stems within the WT classes. Results indicated that the coefficient of variation of the lidar height data was the best predictor variable (r = 0.85, p <0.000, RMSE = 4.9%). The derived relationships allowed for the prediction of the proportion of stems within WT classes across the landscape. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Chromaticity analysis of LANDSAT Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery of Chilko Lake, B.C. reveals a. locus whose shape has not been previously reported. To investigate the cause of this and to come to a broader understanding of chromaticity analysis for MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) data, an optical water quality model has been used. The model is composed of a four component reflectance model (R-model), an interface model and an atmospheric model. The R-model was calibrated for Chilko Lake by determining the specific absorption and backscattering spectra for suspended minerals (SM), chlorophyll-a uncorrected for phaeophytins (C) and yellow substance (YS). The fourth component is water. The model reproduces the observed locus shape and indicates that it is primarily a function of SM, with the unreported lower limb on MSS imagery caused by SM gradients with concentrations less than 1-2 mg/L. The effects of C, YS and SM cannot be separated on plots of chromaticity coordinates X and Y for either MSS or TM data. In addition, haze or wind gradients, if they occur over water with low levels of SM, would look similar to the lower limb on MSS XY plots. However, if brightness is used in combination with X, the model predicts that C and YS, though themselves inseparable, can be differentiated from SM at all but the lowest concentrations of SM. Furthermore, haze and wind gradients can be distinguished from the lower limb. Thus the addition of brightness to chromaticity analysis has the potential to significantly improve the technique. The model was tested by comparing simulated chromaticity results with results from actual images (one TM image and three MSS images) for which ground truth had been collected. Qualitative predictions regarding haze and water quality patchiness were confirmed. Correlation analysis with R² values from 0.81 to 0.95 also strongly confirmed predictions regarding SM, but showed that the model is systematically underestimating SM. Correlation tests for a combined C and YS factor (CYS) were inconclusive because of the systematic modeling error, but classification maps provide weak evidence that CYS is behaving qualitatively as predicted and that CYS can be differentiated from SM. The modeling error is thought to originate in atmospheric assumptions which are not met. The R-model which is fundamental to the study has been tested and is not a major source of error. The study concludes that the model is qualitatively correct and that the use of brightness improves chromaticity analysis by allowing separation of CYS and SM, though further work should be undertaken to verify these results. Maps of CYS and SM in Chilko Lake reveal that CYS tends to be higher along the western shore and where the hypolimnion is exposed. SM are highest near stream mouths. The distribution patterns are related to physical processes within the lake and provide a synoptic view of the connection between water quality parameters and circulation which would be difficult to achieve in any other way. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The primary goal of this thesis is to utilize acoustical radiation from the Arctic ice cover to infer the response of sea ice to environmental forcing, and to sense remotely the mechanical properties of the ice. The work makes use of two experiments in the Canadian arctic undertaken by the Ocean Acoustics Group of the Institute of Ocean Sciences, which resulted in an extensive body of acoustical and related environmental data. Cracking sounds originating from both first and multi-year ice fracturing processes are analyzed. Data used in this thesis also include sound made by artificial sources. The survey of in situ ice conditions by air photography and synthetic radar imaging, and a crack distribution map based on observations made with a 3-D hydrophone array, reveal, for the first time, a close correlation between thermal cracking events and ice type. It is shown that most of the thermal cracks occur in irregular multi-year ice where there are exposed, snow-free surfaces. The study shows that acoustical radiation from some cracks implies a slip-stick seismic movement over the faults, and some cracks tend to radiate more high frequency sound downwards rather than sideways. This phenomenon is most clearly apparent in sounds made by artificial sources. Another interesting finding from this study is that the sound of cracking ice does not always exhibit a vertical dipole radiation pattern, and some cracks due to thermal tension on smooth first year ice radiate more energy horizontally. The observations have motivated the development of various analytical models. These models allow the observed acoustical features to be related to the length and depth of a crack, the thickness of the ice cover and its Young's modulus. The models also show that maximum sound radiation from a crack is in the direction of external forcing. Finally, it is found that noise due to rubbing between ice floes exhibits a narrow band spectrum. This phenomenon is investigated and a linear model derived shows that the observed peak frequency is that of the first mode horizontal shear wave triggered by frictional effects at the ice floe edge. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The atmosphere distorts the spectrum of remotely sensed data, negatively affecting all forms of investigating Earth's surface. To gather reliable data, it is vital that atmospheric corrections are accurate. The current state of the field of atmospheric correction does not account well for the benefits and costs of different correction algorithms. Ground spectral data are required to evaluate these algorithms better. This dissertation explores using cameras as radiometers as a means of gathering ground spectral data. I introduce techniques to implement a camera systems for atmospheric correction using off the shelf parts. To aid the design of future camera systems for radiometric correction, methods for estimating the system error prior to construction, calibration and testing of the resulting camera system are explored. Simulations are used to investigate the relationship between the reflectance accuracy of the camera system and the quality of atmospheric correction. In the design phase, read noise and filter choice are found to be the strongest sources of system error. I explain the calibration methods for the camera system, showing the problems of pixel to angle calibration, and adapting the web camera for scientific work. The camera system is tested in the field to estimate its ability to recover directional reflectance from BRF data. I estimate the error in the system due to the experimental set up, then explore how the system error changes with different cameras, environmental set-ups and inversions. With these experiments, I learn about the importance of the dynamic range of the camera, and the input ranges used for the PROSAIL inversion. Evidence that the camera can perform within the specification set for ELM correction in this dissertation is evaluated. The analysis is concluded by simulating an ELM correction of a scene using various numbers of calibration targets, and levels of system error, to find the number of cameras needed for a full-scale implementation.

Automatic interpretation of images from Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 (ERTS-1, now called LANDSAT) can be used in a variety of applications with considerable accuracy. Most systems, however, classify strictly on a point by point basis, making no use of any spatial knowledge. Standard photo-interpretation techniques are combined with some techniques from artificial intelligence to produce an increase in accuracy over a point-by-point classification method. Traditional classification methods are used to obtain an initial segmentation of the image. Then, a controlled region merging process allows the regions with unambiguous interpretations to influence the interpretation of neighbouring ambiguous regions, thereby introducing considerable context sensitivity into the interpretation process. Results are given of an experiment to interpret areas of different forest cover. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

MSc. (Geography) / Growing concerns with regards to the environmental and economic impacts related to the application of herbicides to control the spread and abundance of weeds in agricultural crops have created a need for the development of novel agricultural management systems that are less dependent on herbicide usage and tillage. Such concerns have given rise to the need for the variable spatial treatment of croplands aimed at the minimization of requirements for the application of herbicides and the subsequent minimization of excess materials released into the surrounding environment. Remote sensing provides an opportunity for the fast and cost-effective delineation of weed patches in croplands over large areas where traditional scouting techniques would be impractical. The differences in spectral reflectance from different plants at certain wavelengths due to species specific variations in biochemical and physical characteristics is what lays the basis for the distinction of vegetation species within remotely sensed images and ultimately the potential detection of weed-species in croplands. This study investigates the potential spectral characterisation of maize and commonly occurring weed-species by (1) making use of reflectance spectra collected at leaf-level to identify statistically significant differences in reflectance between individual species throughout the visible (VIS), Near-Infrared (NIR) and Shortwave-Infrared (SWIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, determining the potential of the Red-Edge Position (REP) and slope for this particular application and testing the accuracy at which reflectance spectra may be classified according to vegetation species based on spectral reflectance at specific wavebands and REP as input predictor variables, (2) testing the potential effect of mixed spectral responses and soil-background interference through the analysis of reflectance spectra collected at canopy-level, and (3) determining the potential effect of the spectral generalisation associated with multispectral reflectance through the analysis of spectral responses resampled to the spectral band designations of representative high spatial resolution multispectral sensors. The results showed that maize may be spectrally distinguished from all of the weed-species included in the analysis based on leaf-level hyperspectral reflectance throughout the Visible-to-Near-Infrared (V-NIR) and SWIR-regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, however, the unique characterisation of weed-species is not possible for all species and where it is possible, it is highly wavelength-specific and would require high spectral resolution hyperspectral data. The wavelengths most suitable for the spectral characterisation of maize-crops and weed species in the study area were identified as: 432.1nm, 528.2nm, 700.7nm, 719.4nm, 1335.1nm, 1508.1nm, 2075.8nm, 2164.5nm and 2342.2nm. The output predictor model was able to classify reflectance spectra associated with maize crops and weeds in the study area at an overall accuracy of 89.7 per cent and it was shown that the inclusion of the REP as predictor variable did not improve the overall accuracy of the classification, however, may be used to improve the classification accuracies of certain species...

Orientador: Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmorerHernandez_Emanuel_M.pdf: 9074844 bytes, checksum: 181c64a39a24efc51dea2add5a69d676 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A pesquisa compreende estudos sobre a assinatura ultraespectral e multiespectral de fosfatos de origem ígnea e sedimentar contidos, respectivamente, nos depósitos de Catalão I (GO), Tapira (MG) e Rocinha-Lagamar (MG), centro-oeste do Brasil. Medidas de reflectância e emissividade (focadas na faixa de 8-12µm) foram analisadas em conjunto com dados de Difração de Raios X e Fluorescência de Raios X visando a determinação da mineralogia e quimismo das rochas envolvidas nas áreas de estudo. Os fosfatos ígneos de Catalão I e Tapira, inseridos na Província Ígnea do Alto Paranaíba, encontram-se hospedados em complexos carbonatíticos. Apresentam Elementos de Terras Raras em sua composição e feições de absorção intrínsecas em espectros de reflectância em torno de 0,75µm. A profundidade e forma das feições auxiliam na identificação e qualificação de monazita, fluoroapatita e cloroapatita como minerais de minério. Associações comuns nas zonas mineralizadas e que apresentam assinaturas espectrais características incluem fluoroapatite-ajoita-vermiculita; fluoroapatita-vermiculita-calcita e fluoroapatita-calcita-monazita. Teores anômalos de fosfato ocorrem na presença de vermiculita, flogopita, calcita, dolomita, caulinita e ajoita-corvusita, todos passíveis de identificação através de espectros de reflectância. Os fosfatos metassedimentares de Rocinha e Lagamar, inseridos na Faixa de Dobramentos Brasília, encontram-se hospedados em fosfoarenitos de origem controversa no Grupo Bambuí. Correspondem a fluorapatitas, onde o intemperismo, além de mudanças próprias da apatita durante o ciclo do P sedimentar, removeram seu conteúdo de ETR. As argilas presentes nesses depósitos podem ser utilizadas como indicadores indiretos da presença de teores anômalos de fosfatos. As assembléias minerais observadas incluem illita-fluoroapatita-quartzo; fluoroapatita-caulinita-quartzo; fluoroapatita-illita-muscovita. Clorita e calcita são minerais subordinados. As análises espectro-mineralógicas, difratométricas e geoquímicas de rochas desses depósitos permitiram a constituição de bibliotecas espectrais que foram utilizadas para subsidiar a classificação espectral de dados do sensor ASTER adquiridos sobre as áreas de estudo. As técnicas Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) e Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) foram testadas. No complexo de Catalão I foi possível separar, nas imagens, zonas ricas em monazita, vermiculita, foscorito magnetítico e solos isalteríticos com baixo teor de fosfatos. No complexo de Tapira e região de Araxá, foi possível distinguir ajoita-corvusita, isalteritos com fosfatos secundários, vermiculita e carbonatitos picríticos. Nas minas de Rocinha e Lagamar, foi possível discriminar as rochas encaixantes das rochas hospedeiras nas imagens em base a feições das argilas. Em Rocinha, fosfoarenitos apatiticos com ilita, fosfoarenitos calcareos con ilita e muscovita, arenitos calcáreos e solos transportados foram discriminados. Estes resultados reforçam a potencialidade de qualificar e quantificar fosfatos a partir de sensores hiperespectrais orbitais (Hyperion, HyMap) e aerotransportados (ProspecTIR) atualmente em operação e outros sensores próximos a serem colocados em funcionamento (EnMap, PRISMA, HISUI, HyspIRI), com desdobramentos importantes para programas de exploração mineral / Abstract: In order to aid phosphate exploration programs, this research defined the reflectance and emission spectroscopy of cretacic carbonatites related to igneous phosphates and neoproterozoic phosphoritic rocks from the Catalão I (GO), Tapira, Rocinha and Lagamar (MG) mine sites, Midwestern Brazil. The main goal of this study was to identify mineral and lithotype endmembers that can be tracked and detected through multispectral remote sensing using ASTER images. Reflectance, Diffuse reflectance and emission measurements were analyzed with X Ray Fluorescence and X Ray Diffraction data to diminish uncertainties and have a full knowledge of the chemistry and mineralogy of the studied locations. For the igneous carbonatitic phosphates of Catalão I and Tapira complexes, inserted in the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (PIAP) it was determined that the REEs inclusions present in phosphates can be detected through reflectance spectroscopy, leading to mineral species recognition by analyzing of the 0.75µm absorption feature. In this region of the spectra, in the context of carbonatitic intrusions and REEs concentration, monazite, fluorapatite and apatite-(Cl) can be distinguished with Hyperspectral reflectance spectrometers from raw samples. Main mineral assemblages were fluorapatite-ajoite-vermiculite; fluorapatite-vermiculite-calcite and fluorapatite-calcite-monazite. It was also possible to recognize vermiculite, phlogopite, calcite, dolomite, kaolinite and ajoite-corvusite as secondary absorption features related to high phosphatic concentration. For the metasedimentary phosphates of Rocinha and Lagamar that correspond to sedimentary apatites-(F), those REEs absorption features that discriminated igneous phosphates are not present, probably due to weathering of apatite and natural changes on the crystal structure that happen during the P cycle. However, for the Rocinha and Lagamar mine sites, it was observed that clays were secondary markers that indicated high or mild phosphate yield. Mineral assemblages observed for the sedimentary phosphates were illite-fluorapatite-quartz; fluorapatite-kaolinite-quartz; fluorapatite-illite-muscovite. Chlorite and calcite are secondary absorption features. With these results, spectral libraries were mounted and tested in ASTER images from the Catalão I and Tapira Carbonatitic Complexes and from the Rocinha and Lagamar mines. Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) were performed on the images, being able to distinguish pixels with high favourability of monazite, vermiculite, magnetitic phoscorite and isalteritic soils of poor phosphate content for Catalão I. Ajoite-Corvusite, Secondary phosphates, vermiculite and Picritic Carbonatite was discriminated for the Tapira and Araxá region, indicating previously unmapped occurrences. Using MTMF in the Tapira image, it was possible to refine the SAM results, allowing better accuracy with the same endmembers, giving low infeasibility results with high Matched Filtering results for 75% of the endmembers. In the Rocinha and Lagamar mines, it was able to discriminate wall rock from mine-objective rock using the Lagamar mine endmembers. The Rocinha mine endmembers were of adequate use for the Rocinha mine, but failed to distinguish mined rock from wall rock in the Lagamar mine, probably given their higher kaolinite content. These results encourage further exploration of the data with current (Hyperion, ProspecTIR, HyMap) and future (EnMap, PRISMA, HISUI, HyspIRI) hyperspectral data in order to fully quantify phosphate favourability in phosphate exploration programs / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Fitas magnéticas amorfas vêm demonstrando uma ampla variedade de aplicações sensoriais devido às suas propriedades magnéticas. A capacidade de serem interrogadas remotamente permite sua aplicação em locais onde limitações físicas impedem o uso de sensores com conexões cabeadas. A capacidade de adquirirem uma anisotropia magnética transversal através de tratamentos térmicos, sob campo magnético e/ou tensão, é o que torna esses materiais atraentes para a aplicação em sensores magnetostrictivos de deformação com acesso remoto. Os materiais avaliados neste trabalho, Metglas 2826MB3, Yeke 1k501, Yeke 1k501a, Vitrovac 7600, Vitroperm 800 e as fitas de EAS Tags, apresentavam curvas de magnetização características de materiais que não possuem uma anisotropia magnética transversal. Isto serviu de motivação para a realização de tratamentos termomagnéticos. Os tratamentos foram realizados sob campo magnético transversal de aproximadamente 500 Oe e nas temperaturas de 235, 275, 315 e 350˚C por tempos de 15, 30 e 60 minutos, com um forno construído em laboratório. Isto resultou em melhorias consideráveis na forma de suas curvas ΔE, tornando-as mais assimétricas e aumentando as variações de frequência que estes materiais podem apresentar. Os tratamentos resultaram também em curvas M-H lineares, susceptibilidade magnética constante até a saturação. Foi construída uma bancada para aplicação de tensões de até 30 MPa nas amostras. A maior assimetria das curvas ΔE para o par ressonador e transdutor (partes componentes do sensor de deformação) permitiu maior resposta de variação de frequência de ressonância do sensor durante testes de tração. No melhor dos casos, uma variação de frequência superior a 5 kHz foi detectada para deformações de aproximadamente 260 ppm, ao se utilizar um par ressonador e transdutor de Metglas 2826MB3 tratados termomagneticamente. Medindo-se as curvas ΔE de uma fita de Metglas 2826MB3, tratada, sobre substratos de aço 1010, material magneticamente mole, observou-se que as mesmas ainda estavam presentes. Porém, apresentam sua forma alterada devido à interação com aço. Simulações realizadas com o software FEMM, auxiliaram na compreensão de fenômenos ocorridos nos testes de deformação e na interação entre a fita e os substratos magnéticos moles. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / Magnetic amorphous ribbons have a great variety of sensorial applications due to their magnetic properties. The possibility of being remotely queried allows their application in cases where sensors with wired connections present a physical limitation. The capability of acquiring a transverse magnetic anisotropy through thermal treatments, under applied magnetic field and/or stress, is what makes these materials attractive for application in magnetostrictive strain-gauges. The materials studied in this work, Metglas 2826MB3, Yeke 1k501, Yeke 1k501a, Vitrovac 7600, Vitroperm 800 and a commercial EAS Tags, presented magnetization curves with characteristics of materials with reduced transverse magnetic anisotropy. This was the motivation to carry out thermomagnetic treatments. The treatments were carried out under a magnetic field of approximately 500 Oe, using temperatures of 235, 275, 315 and 350˚C, for periods of 15, 30 and 60 minutes, in a home-made oven. The treatments resulted in considerable improvements on the shape of the ΔE curves, making them more asymmetric and increasing the frequency variations that these materials can present. The treatments also resulted in linear M-H curves, with constant magnetic susceptibility until saturation. A system for the application of stresses up to 30 MPa on the samples was built. ΔE curves with greater asymmetry for the pair resonator transducer (components of the strain-gauge) allowed a greater resonance frequency variation response of the sensor during strain tests. In the best case, a frequency variation above 5 kHz was detected for deformations of approximately 260 ppm, when the pair resonator transducer made of thermomagneticaly treated Metglas 2826MB3 was used. The measurements of the ΔE curves of a treated Metglas 2826MB3 ribbon, placed over 1010 steel substrates, soft magnetic material, showed that they were still detectable. However, their form was altered due to the magnetic interaction with the steel. Simulations made using the software FEMM, helped to understand the observed phenomena during the strain tests and the interaction between the ribbon and the soft magnetic substrates.

Orientadores: Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T04:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_FlaviadeSouza_M.pdf: 5269852 bytes, checksum: 0be9abefcbc67126f66ebf021764a23e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A geobotânica estuda a associação da geologia às variações abruptas ou graduais na estrutura, na florística, na fisiologia ou fenologia das comunidades vegetais. A utilização da geobotânica como um método de prospecção petrolífera teve um ganho significativo com a inclusão do uso das imagens de satélite. Os sistemas petrolíferos não são selados e permitem o escape de hidrocarbonetos (HCs) na forma de óleo ou gases. Estas exsudações em contato com solo e com a vegetação provocam alterações potencialmente identificáveis através de imagens de satélite. O presente trabalho visa analisar a aplicabilidade da Geobotânica por Sensoriamento Remoto para inferência de áreas com escapes de HCs na bacia do Solimões. Para tanto, foi utilizada imagem do sensor ASTER e dados de geoquimica de hidrocarbonetos (gasometria). Primeiramente, os dados de gasometria foram processados através do método inverso da distância ponderada, visando a geração de superfícies geoquímicas contínuas. As imagens do sensor ASTER foram processadas por técnicas digitais para a identificação de áreas de vegetação espectralmente distintas. Essa fase metodológica envolveu: (i) o cálculo de 6 índices de vegetação; (ii) a análise do comportamento espectral dos pixels localizados em áreas com as maiores e menores concentrações de HCs e aplicação de Análise por Principais Componentes (APC) sobre bandas ASTER com maior possibilidade de discriminação de áreas espectral e geoquimicamente anômalas; (iii) geração de índices espectrais (pseudo-razões) para realce de características específicas da vegetação e a aplicação da APC sobre estes índices; (iv) extração da drenagem utilizando o Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). As imagens resultantes do processamento digital foram confrontadas com os mapas interpolados dos dados de gasometria. O objetivo foi analisar se as anomalias geobotânicas encontradas nos produtos obtidos com a imagem ASTER têm alguma correlação espacial com as áreas mais ricas em HCs, evidenciadas pela geoquímica. Para esta análise, foi utilizado o parâmetro geoquímico Y0. A análise em relação a esse parâmetro foi favorecida, pois o Y0 é calculado com base em gases mais pesados e relacionados à presença de HCs de origem termogênica. Também foi o parâmetro que apresentou um maior intervalo entre classes e com valores mais altos distribuídos espacialmente; incluindo valores extremos contidos no polígono limítrofe do Campo de Gás do Juruá. Os produtos obtidos do processamento digital indicaram um padrão comum, destacando setores de vegetação espectralmente distintas no setor leste da área de estudo. A imagem que melhor ressaltou este padrão foi a PC2 das 8 pseudo-razões do sensor ASTER. Em função dessas qualidades, o mapa interpolado do parâmetro Y0 e essa PC2 foram integrados. Os sitios de vegetação que apresentaram comportamento espectralmente distintos coincidem em 45% com setores onde os valores de Y0 (e portanto HCs) são maiores. Os dados geoquímicos e a geração dos mapas dos índices interpolados possibilitaram a validação das áreas espectralmente anômalas realçadas nos produtos ASTER. Foi possível observar que algumas das anomalias espectrais encontradas nas imagens ASTER estão contidas na área de influência das exsudações de HCs de origem termogênica identificadas pelos dados geoquímicos / Abstract: Geobotanic studies the association of geology to abrupt or gradual changes in the structure, floristic, physiology or phenology of plant communities. The use of Geobotanic as a method for hydrocarbon exploration has had a significant gain with the use of satellite images. The petroleum systems are not completely sealed and allow fluids to escape in the form of oil or light gases, forming seepages. Seepages products, yielded by the interaction between hydrocarbons with soil and vegetation, can be identified by satellite imagery. This work aims to analyze the applicability of Geobotanical Remote Sensing to identify areas with hydrocarbon seepage in the Solimões Basin. An ASTER image and soil geochemical data (gasometry) was used. The first part of the methodology comprised the interpolation of three types of geochemical maps of light hydrocarbons using the inverse distance weighted method. Subsequently, different digital image processing techniques were used to identify areas of spectrally distinct vegetation in the ASTER data, including: i) generation of 6 vegetation indices; ii) analysis of the spectral behavior of pixels located in areas with the highest and lowest concentrations of hydrocarbons, given by gasometry; iii) application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on ASTER imagery using bands and spectral indexes more prone for spectral discrimination of geochemically anomalous areas; iv) extraction of drainage patterns using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) altimetric data. For this analysis, we used the geochemical parameter Y0. The analysis for this parameter was favored because the Y0 is calculated on the basis of heavier gases and related to the presence of thermogenic HCs. It was also the parameter that showed a greater range of classes and with higher values spatially distributed, including extreme values within the Jurua Gas Field. The products obtained from digital processing indicated a common pattern, highlighting spectrally different vegetation sectors in the eastern portion of the study area. The image that best highlighted this pattern was the PC2 extracted from 8 ASTER pseudo-ratios. Considering their properties, the interpolated map of the Y0 parameter and the PC2 were spatially integrated. The vegetation sites that showed spectrally different behaviors coincide 47% with sectors where Y0 values (and hence HCs) are higher. The geochemical data and the generation of maps of interpolated indices allowed the validation of spectrally anomalous areas highlighted in the ASTER products. Some of the spectral anomalies found in the ASTER images are contained in the area of influence of thermogenic HCs identified by geochemical data / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestra em Geociências

A Temperatura de Superfície de Lago (TSL) consiste em um importante parâmetro limnológico na definição da qualidade de um corpo de água. Por meio da variação da TSL, uma série de parâmetros biológicos, físicos e químicos são modificados, no entanto, afetam, diretamente a sociedade, por meio dos diversos usos da água, do consumo doméstico ao agrícola e industrial. Os corpos de água estão diretamente relacionados a parâmetros meteorológicos e climáticos, dessa forma sofrem os efeitos das mudanças climáticas em escala global, mas, por outro lado, influenciam no ambiente local como amenizador climático, contribuindo com uma atmosfera local mais úmida. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal é analisar o comportamento da dinâmica da TSL do Guaíba, levando em consideração períodos de normalidade e anormalidade climáticas e as relações com agentes meteorológicos locais. Por meio da construção de perfis de temperatura e análises espaciais feitas sobre um arcabouço temporal de imagens termais dos satélites: Landsat 5 e 8/ e Terra (sensor MODIS) e suas respectivas relações com os fatores externos à massa de água do Guaíba (dados de meteorológicos, climáticos e topográficos locais). Dessa forma construiu-se um conjunto de dados detalhando a dinâmica da circulação e o comportamento espacial das temperaturas. Destaca-se que o Guaíba possui uma complexa dinâmica correlacionada com fatores atmosféricos globais e locais, mas de modo mais intenso com as variações meteorológicas locais em função da posição geográfica e da presença de uma sazonalidade bem definida, que propicia a entrada de frentes frias causando oscilações de temperatura e pluviosidade de modo muito marcante. Quanto aos períodos de normalidade e anormalidade climática, observase que durante os períodos de El Niño e La Niña há um aquecimento maior da TSL quando comparado com períodos de normalidade climática, sendo que o primeiro está mais relacionado ao aquecimento global da atmosfera; já, a segunda está relacionada à maior insolação em função do resfriamento da atmosfera, condicionando um céu limpo, ficando mais propício ao aquecimento por radiação solar. / The lake surface water temperature (LSWT) consists in an important limnological parameter in the quality definition of a body of water. Through the LSWT variation, a series of biological, physical and chemical parameters are modified, however they affect directly the society through the various water usage, from the domestic consumption to the agricultural and industrial. The bodies of water are directly related to the climatic and metereological parameters, this way they suffer the climatic change in a global scale, but, on the other hand, they influence in the local ambient as a climatic softener, contributing with a more humid local atmosphere. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamical behavior of Guaíba LSWT, whereas climatic normality and abnormality periods and their relations with local metereological agents. Through the profile of temperature and spatial analysis made over a temporal framework of the satellite thermal images: Landsat 5 and 8 and Terra (MODIS sensor) and their respective relations with the external factors in water mass of Guaíba (local topographic, climatic and metereological data). In this way a set of data were built detailing the circulation dynamic and the spatial behavior of the temperatures. Guaíba has a dynamic complex correlated with local and global atmospheric factors more intensely with the local metereological variation according to the geographical position and the presence of a huge seasonality, which allows the entrance of cold fronts causing rainfall and temperature oscilation in a remarkable way. In the normality and abnormality climatic periods, during El Niño and La Niña periods, there is a bigger LSWT warming if compared to normality climatic periods, being that the first one is more related with the atmosphere global warming, and the second one is related with the greater insolation due to the cooling of the atmosphere, conditioning a clean sky, becoming more conducive to solar radiation heating.