Darbo tikslas - įvertinti kraujo donorų požiūrį į pakartotinę kraujo donorystę ir nustatyti priežastis, dėl kurių kraujo donorai nesiryžta pakartotiniam kraujo davimui. Darbo uždaviniai:1.Įvertinti atlygintinų ir neatlygintinų kraujo donorų požiūrį į kraujo donorystę ir nustatyti pirmo kraujo davimo motyvus. 2. Nustatyti priežastis, dėl kurių kraujo donorai nesiryžta pakartotiniam kraujo davimui atlygintinų ir neatlygintinų donorų tarpe. 3. Nustatyti ir palyginti atlygintinos ir neatlygintinos kraujo donacijos ekonominius kaštus. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas vykdytas 2012 m. kovo-balandžio mėnesiais viešojoje įstaigoje Nacionalinis kraujo centras. Telefoninės apklausos būdu, pagal sudarytą klausimyną, buvo apklausti 400 kraujo donorai, kurie po pirmo kraujo davimo neatvyko pakartotinam kraujo davimui praėjus vieneriems ir daugiau metų. Ekonominis kraujo donorystės vertinimas atliktas skaičiuojant ir vertinant 2011 m. kraujo donorystės ekonominius rodiklius. Statistinė gautų duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant “SPSS 17.0” statistinę programą. Ryšio stiprumas tarp kategorinių kintamųjų buvo tiriamas naudojant Kramerio V koreliacijos koeficientą, kartu tikrinant hipotezę apie jo lygybę nuliui (statistinį reikšmingumą). Požymių priklausomybei nustatyti skaičiuotas chi-kvadrato (χ2) kriterijus. Kai reikšmingumo lygmuo p<0,05, požymių skirtumas tiriamųjų grupėse laikytas statistiškai reikšmingu. REZULTATAI. Dažniau neatlygintinai pirmą kartą duoti kraujo buvo atvykę asmenys, turintys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / AIM OF THE STUDY: to evaluate blood donors‘ attitude to repeated blood donation and to determine the causes why blood donors refuse to repeat blood donation. OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate remunerated and non-remunerated blood donors‘ attitude to blood donation and determine the incentives for the first blood donation. 2. To determine the causes why blood donors refuse to repeat remunerated and non-remunerated blood donation. 3. To assess and compare the cost of remunerated and non-remunerated blood donation. RESEARCH. The research was conducted in March - April, 2012, at National Blood Center. There was prepared a questionnaire and 400 blood donors, who did not donate blood after one year or more after first donation, were asked to answer the questions by phone. The economic blood donation evaluation was carried out while calculating and analysing the data regarding blood donation from the year 2011. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using “SPSS 17.0” statistical programme. Cramer‘s V correllation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between categorical variables, at the same time checking the zero hypothesis (statistical significance). In order to determine the dependence of variables, chi-square (χ2) criterion was calculated. The differences were judged to be statistically significant, when p<0.05. RESULTS. Individuals who had higher university education, were employed and received a monthly salary of more than 2,500 Lt, first time donated... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas – aprašyti bendruosius virusinių hepatitų, ŽIV ir kitų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų dėsningumus ir įvertinti HAV, HBV, HCV infekcijos paplitimą neatlygintinų kraujo donorų, duodančių pirmą kartą kraują, populiacijoje. Metodika. Tyrimui vykdyti gautas Vilniaus regioninio biomedicininių tyrimų etikos komiteto leidimas. Atlikta pirmą kartą neatlygintinai duodančių kraujo donorų anoniminė anketinė apklausa VŠĮ Nacionaliniame kraujo centre. Imunofermentiniu metodu buvo nustatomi: anti-HAV ir anti-HCV, anti-HBcor, anti-HBs, HBsAg. Nukleino rūgščių amplifikacijos testas taikytas HBV DNR ir HCV RNR nustatymui. Įvertinant ŽIV ir kitų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų ir virusinių hepatitų tendencijas buvo taikytas Mantel‘io testas ir paprastoji tiesinė regresija. Virusinių hepatitų serologinių žymenų paplitimas išreiškiamas procentais, įverčio tikslumui įvertinti apskaičiuotas pasikliautinis intervalas (PI) 95%, kategorinių duomenų analizei panaudotas &#967;² testas ir Fišerio tikslusis testas. Rizikos veiksnių įtaką vertinta taikant binarinę logistinę regresiją. Duomenų suderinamumui vertinti pasirinktas Hosmer‘io-Lemeshow‘o &#967;2 suderinamumo kriterijus. Vertinant, kaip modelio teoriniai dydžiai atitinka realiuosius, naudotas Cox’o ir Snell’o kriterijus, klasifikacinė analizuojamų požymių lentelė. Veiksnių įtaka įvertinta panaudojant šansų santykį su 95 % PI. Skirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas, kai p &#8804; 0,05. Rezultatai. Tyrime dalyvavo 200 kraujo donorų. Analizei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim: to describe epidemiology of the viral hepatitis A, B, C, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STD) and to estimate prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV infections among first time non-remunerated blood donors population. Methodology: The study received approval from Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. First time non-remunerated blood donors participated in anonymous questionnaire survey in NGO National Blood Center. For anti-HAV, anti-HCV, anti-HBs, anti-Hbcor and HBsAg detection was used immunoenzyme method and for HBV DNR ir HCV RNR - nucleic acid amplification test. The Mantel trend test and linear regression method was used to evaluate the trend of viral hepatitis, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The prevalence of viral hepatitis serological markers was expressed in percentage points, the precision was evaluated at the confidence intervals (CI) of 95%, the comparison of categorical data was made using &#967;2 test and Fisher‘s exact test. For data analysis the following tests were used: for the risk factors – binary logistic regression; goodness of fit – Hosmer-Lemeshow &#967;2 test; Cox and Snell R Square, Classification Table. The statistical significance level p &#8804; 0.05. Results: A total of 200 respondents haven been interviewed. Only 188 first time non-remunerated blood donors were selected for further analysis. Respondents minimum of age was 18 and maximum - 52 (Mean=22,6; Med=20,0), 47,9 % (n=90) of them were males, 52,1... [to full text]

The study focuses on the implementation of the prisoners’ right to remunerated labour in Mozambique. It takes on a human rights-based approach to prisoners’ rights, arguing for the provision of remunerated labour as a measure to enhance a fundamental right to work to the most vulnerable members of the society who are prisoners. Within this broad rubric, the following questions are investigated: (1) What are the domestic, regional and international standards in respect of remunerated labour applicable to prisoners? (2) Has Mozambique complied with the duties arising from these obligations? (3) How can the enforcement of these undertakings be ensured? / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Frans Viljoen of the University of Pretoria Centre for Human Rights. / LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

[pt] A inserção da mulher de classe média/alta no mercado de trabalho, sua busca por realização profissional e independência financeira transformaram, definitivamente, a antiga divisão sexual do trabalho. O dinheiro da mulher no casamento contemporâneo é um marco essencial nas mudanças que ocorreram nas relações afetivo-sexuais da segunda metade do século XX em diante. E é, por isso, que a análise das tomadas de decisão financeira de um casal pode-nos oferecer informações importantes sobre as relações de poder, desigualdade e manifestações de individualidade de cada um de seus membros. Especialmente, entre recém-casados, foco de nossa pesquisa, em que a formação dessa negociação acontece de formas diferentes, envolvendo valores aprendidos nas famílias de origem. Compreender a(s) conseqüência(s) de tais mudanças nos relacionamentos conjugais entre homens e mulheres é de fundamental importância para os avanços nos estudos sobre conjugalidade no Brasil, ainda carente de pesquisas específicas sobre dinheiro e casamento. A presente pesquisa trata do impacto do dinheiro da mulher no casamento contemporâneo e de como a construção das regras nas decisões financeiras são percebidas, vividas, definidas ou, mesmo, questionadas por ela. Para tal, realizamos um estudo exploratório com 12 mulheres recém-casadas ou recém-morando junto, entre seis meses e três anos de união, estando ambos os membros do casal em seus primeiros casamentos, trabalhando remuneradamente, sem filhos e pertencentes à classe média/alta carioca. Seus discursos revelaram que as mulheres reconhecem no trabalho remunerado a possibilidade de possuírem autonomia em suas decisões e de definirem e colocarem em prática hobbies e gostos pessoais. Além disso, a maioria de nossas entrevistadas se diz organizada com o próprio dinheiro, muitas vezes, sendo ela quem exerce o controle e o planejamento financeiro do casal. E de fato, sua autonomia em relação ao próprio dinheiro está mais ligada a assumir a sua administração, do que simplesmente ganhá-lo. Percebemos isso, pois apenas duas de nossas entrevistadas delegam aos maridos o gerenciamento do dinheiro, perdendo poder de barganha naquilo que consideram prioridades pessoais. / [en] The inserction of the middle and upper class woman into the labor market, her search for professional realization and financial independency definitely transformed the traditional work division among couples. The woman`s money in the contemporary marriage is an essential mark that led to changes in the way couples live together since the half of the 20th century. And that`s why an analysis of the financial decision making process in couples is so important to give us information about the power relations, differences and individual characteristics of regular wife and husband. Specially in a just-married couple, objective of our research, where the development and negotiation of these behaviors begins, taking into account each side`s familiar values. To understand the consequence of these changes in the husband/wife relation is key to understand marriage itself. And that subject lacks of studies here in Brazil. This research aims to understand these woman`s money impact in the contemporary marriage. How the couple defines its rules, how they are accepted and questioned upon. The method used consisted of an interview of twelve women that had recently got into living together with someone (from 6 months to 3 years), not necessarily through marriage. To be eligible for the interview both husband and wife had to be on their first marriage, both working, no kids and be part of the middle class or above. Their speeches revealed that women see the remunerated work a way of acquiring autonomy in their decisions and a possibility to develop personal hobbies. Besides that, the majority of the interviewed women says that she is organized with their own money, being, most of the times, her who controls and plans the finances of the couple. In fact, their autonomy is more linked to assume its planning than to simply earn it. That was noticed, since only two of the interviewed women delegate to their husbands the management of their money, what causes them to lose priority on how to decide the way money is going to be spent.

A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study was conducted to explore and describe the experience and support received by newly-qualified four-year trained professional nurses while placed for remunerated community service in Gauteng province. Purposive sampling was used and five focus group interviews were conducted. Each focus group consisted of six to ten participants who had completed the four-year training programme and were qualified as nurses (general, psychiatric and community) and midwife placed for remunerated community service in Gauteng province (South African Nursing Council R425 of 22 February 1985). Data was analysed using Tesch’s method of data analysis. Two main themes emerged from the study and formed the basis of the discussion. The themes are “various experiences of the newly-qualified four-year trained professional nurses” and “support received by the newly-qualified four-year trained professional nurses”. Community service nurses reported mixed experiences such as feeling good and bad during community service placement. The majority of participants reported that remunerated community service placement is risky and it requires one to take chances. Furthermore, participants referred to remunerated community service placement as a scary venture at first but eventually they mastered practical activities. Support received by community service nurses varied from adequate, inadequate, incidental and lack of support. Community service nurses reported bad staff attitudes, severe staff shortage and that they were subjected to adverse events and low salaries. Recommendations to enhance community service placement were outlined for the following stakeholders: South African Nursing Council, Department of Health, nursing colleges, universities and managers of the health facilities. Copyright / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Nursing Science / unrestricted