Hoy en día, la problemática ambiental en el Perú es la contaminación del agua, debido al vertimiento de aguas residuales domesticas de las poblaciones que no tienen un sistema de tratamiento adecuado que presentan un tratamiento deficiente. Mediante la presente investigación se demuestra los procesos de depuración a través de la aireación en el flujo del conducto, esto debido a las pendientes pronunciadas en la red de alcantarillado y sistemas de conducción. Para esto se realizó el diseño de la PTAR convencional en base a la Norma OS-090 para luego realizar los cálculos de aireación basados en la teoría de Naudascher y proceder a realizar el diseño de la PTAR Optimizada. Los resultados obtenidos teóricamente fueron validados a través de pruebas de laboratorio realizado en campo. Al finalizar la investigación se concluye y recomienda lo siguiente: La Norma OS-090 no considera la remoción de contaminantes en la red de alcantarillado y sistemas de conducción. En el proceso de diseño generalmente no se considera condiciones geográficas particulares, como la fuerte pendiente que representa una gran ventaja en zonas rurales. Luego de realizar los cálculos de la aireación en la fuerte pendiente basados en los conocimientos de la Hidráulica y validarlos a través de un muestreo de campo, se logra comprobar la hipótesis inicial, las pendientes pronunciadas del terreno nos permiten optimizar la PTAR a través de la remoción del DBO y SST en las redes de alcantarillado y sistemas de conducción, por ende, se logra reducir costos en la etapa de construcción, operación, mantenimiento, aumentar la eficiencia del proceso y generar el menor impacto ambiental. Se recomienda poder realizar más pruebas de laboratorio para la obtención de mayor cantidad de datos que aumenten el rango de precisión de la remoción del DBO para cada pendiente. Para futuros diseños de PTAR en zonas rurales con pendiente pronunciada se recomienda considerar los cálculos de aireación en el proceso de diseño. / Today, the environmental problem in Peru is water contamination, due to the dumping of domestic wastewater from populations that do not have an adequate treatment system and that present poor treatment. This research demonstrates the purification processes through aeration in the flow, this due to steep slopes in the sewerage network and conduction systems. For this, the design of the conventional PTAR was carried out based on the OS-090 standard, then the aeration calculations based on Naudascher's theory were performed and the optimized PTAR was designed. The theoretical results were validated through laboratory tests conducted in the field. At the end of the research we conclude and recommend the following: The OS-090 standard does not consider the removal of pollutants from the sewer network or pipeline systems. The design process generally does not consider particular geographical conditions, such as the steep slope that represents a major advantage in rural areas. After performing the calculations of aeration on the steep slope based on the knowledge of hydraulics and validate them through a field sampling, it is possible to verify the initial hypothesis, the steep slopes of the ground allow us to optimize the PTAR through the removal of DBO and SST in the sewer networks and conduction systems, therefore, it is possible to reduce costs in the construction stage, operation, maintenance, Increase process efficiency and generate the least environmental impact. It is recommended that more laboratory tests can be performed to obtain more data that increases the range of accuracy of DBO removal for each slope. For future PTAR designs in steeper rural areas it is recommended to consider aeration calculations in the design process. / Tesis

Chemical control is a critical component of integrated pest management in cotton and soybean production. Residual efficacy of foliar insecticides can be highly variable and difficult to quantify due to several factors. The purpose of this research was to determine residual control and concentrations in flowering structures of commonly used insecticides. This research focused on the concentrations of active ingredient within the plant as well as efficacy over time. Previous research suggested chlorantraniliprole had a long residual and was highly lethal on corn earworm up to 28 days after treatment (DAT) in soybean; however, the results found in cotton were inconclusive. From this research, concentrations of chlorantraniliprole were found in flowering structures of both soybean and cotton up to 14 DAT. Bioassays conducted from chemical concentrations suggest reduced rates of chlorantraniliprole, similar to what was found in the flowering structures, provided mortality of corn earworm up to 64%.

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Os conceitos teóricos e práticos sobre as características da distribuição de tensões residuais vêm sendo estudados a partir do inicio da década de 1930. Desde então, o desenvolvimento de novos equipamentos e a necessidade de valores quantitativos mais representativos, tornaram necessários o estudo e o aprimoramento teórico prático dos métodos disponíveis de caracterização das tensões residuais, visando, principalmente, o maior entendimento dos efeitos que essas tensões exercem no desempenho dos componentes mecânicos em geral. Sendo parte adicional do projeto SFB 570, neste trabalho foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre os métodos do Furo Cego e Micromagnético de análise das tensões residuais, a fim de verificar a aplicabilidade de cada método na caracterização dos campos de tensões residuais presentes em anéis para rolamentos do aço ABNT 52100. Foram analisadas cinco amostras, provenientes de diferentes etapas do processo de manufatura de anéis para rolamentos do aço ABNT 52100, contendo diferentes distribuições de tensões residuais. Alguns conceitos a respeito das características das tensões residuais e da aplicação de cada método foram revistos, assim como da natureza da distribuição de tensões residuais em anéis para rolamentos. Fatores como a distribuição de tensões residuais com a profundidade, características do componente, tempo de resposta e tipo de intervenção da técnica, foram revistos e considerados como limitantes para a aplicação de cada método. Alguns resultados obtidos foram comparados com resultados provenientes da análise de tensões residuais através do Método de Difração de raios X, a fim de verificar a representatividade de cada método. Os resultados encontrados estão dentro da escala compreensível para cada amostra, considerando–se as origens da variação das tensões residuais durante um processo de manufatura de anéis para rolamentos, e apontam para o uso complementar das técnicas utilizadas, onde cada método apresenta vantagens e limitações, atuando em escalas singulares de distribuição das tensões residuais. / The experimental and theoretical concepts about the residual stress distribution have been studyng since 1930. The development of new equipment and the necessity of better representative quantitative values, made the study and the improvement of these concepts necessary at this time. In this work, which is an additional part of SFB 570 project, a comparative analysis between the Blind Hole Drilling and the Micromagnetic Methods was carried through, in order to verify the applicability of each method in the characterization of residual stress fields in an ABNT 52100 ball bearing steel rings. Five samples, from different manufacturing steps for the ABNT 52100 ball bearing steel rings, having different residual stress distributions, varing with depth and angular position in the sample, have been analyzed. Some concepts regarding the characteristics of residual stresses and the application of each method have been reviewed, as well as the nature of the residual stress distribution in a ball bearing steel ring. The residual stress depth distribution, the physical properties and geometry of the material, the time consumed and type of intervention are some factors used to compare and find the best range for the application of each method. Some results obtained in this work, have been compared with results proceeding from the analysis of residual stresses by the X– ray Diffraction Method, to verify the reliablility of the Blind Hole Drilling and the Micromagnetic Methods. The results full fill the expectation in the residual stress range for each sample and are an indicative for the necessity of the complementary use of these techniques, where each one, besides presenting advantages and disadvantages, works in a specific range of depth and local surface resolution.

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Dissertation submitted for obtain the degree of Master of Science, to the Victoria University of Manchester, under supervision Prof. W. Johnson and Dr. S. T. S. Al-Hassani

With the progress of the semiconductor technology, the devices scaling down to submicron range leads to increase I/Os number and very fine pitch IC package type; such as BGA, Flip Chip and CSP type packages. For Flip chip packaging, the solder bumping process act as the role of I/O interconnection instead of conventational wirebonding process. The ball mounted process is defined as the solder ball mounted on the Flip Chip Ball Grad Array (FC-BGA) substrate for solder bumping. In this study, how to improve the strength of ball-shear; residual tin capability and capability of process kit are the main issues to be investigated for the ball mounted process. To analyze the root cause and to implement the corrective action are the important purpose for solving the failures occurred on the ball mounted process. The following technologies included as (1) engineering ststictic methodology; JMP (statistical software) (2) Problem solving methodology (PSM) (3) Optimizing the process window (4) Set up the main parameters to analyse in machinery (5) how to monitor the CPK capability & material properties analysis, are used for these issues. Finally, the ball mounted process has been successfully investigated and results in solving the failure of Flip Chip ball mounted process and surface mounted technology (SMT) process for assembly packaging manufacture completely.