Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objectives of this work and present a class D amplifiers and full-bridge class D amplifier used to supply one or more high pressure sodium lamps (HPS). In this work, the lamps are feed a synthesized waveform to avoid acoustic resonance. The waveform injected contains a fundamental frequency around 1kHz and its third harmonic. The injection waveform synthesized prevents acoustic resonance the spread power the lamp in spectrum frequency. The ease of control of Class D amplifiers ensures a waveform without major changes in relation to entry. The control strategy and operation of the amplifiers stages have been shown. Studies were presented the strategies used to avoid acoustic resonance and detailed analysis of the injection waveform synthesized. The results of the simulations and practical results obtained were presented. / O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a utilização de amplificadores classe D e um nova topologia de amplificador full-bridge, classe D, para acionar uma ou mais lâmpadas de Alta Pressão de Sódio (HPS). As lâmpadas são alimentadas por uma forma de onda sintetizada para evitar a ressonância acústica, onde a forma de onda contém uma frequência fundamental de 1kHz e sua terceira harmônica. Essa técnica é utilizada para evitar o surgimento da ressonância acústica, espalhando no espectro da frequência a potência distribuída na lâmpada. A facilidade do controle dos amplificadores classe D garante uma forma de onda sem grandes variações em relação à entrada. A estratégia de controle e as etapas de funcionamento dos amplificadores são apresentadas juntamente ao estudo das técnicas utilizadas para evitar a ressonância acústica e a análise detalhada sobre a injeção da forma de onda sintetizada. Os resultados das simulações e os resultados práticos obtidos foram apresentados. / Doutor em Ciências

La thèse s’articule autour du développement des thermothérapies hépatique et cardiaque guidées par Imagerie de Résonance Magnétique (IRM). La première partie est axée sur le développement d’une méthode permettant d’augmenter la taille des lésions induites par ultrasons focalisés de haute intensité (HIFU). Le seuil de d’intensité acoustique fut déterminé par IRM de la force de radiation acoustique et l’effet caractérisé par IRM de température ex vivo et in vivo dans le foie de porc. La deuxième partie présente le développement d’une méthode permettant une focalisation HIFU hépatique intercostale avec utilisation de la déflection électronique du faisceau pour le suivi du mouvement respiratoire ou /et une ablation multipoint. La méthode proposée repose sur une mise à jour des éléments du transducteur HIFU à désactiver en fonction du point de focalisation sélectionné, à partir d’une projection géométrique de l’ombre des côtes sur la surface du transducteur, mesurée sur des images IRM anatomiques. Nous avons montré qu’il est possible de réduire significativement le chauffage des côtes tout en conservant une élévation de température dans le foie suffisante pour induire une lésion thermique. La troisième partie expose la mise en place de l’IRM de température pour le monitoring des ablations par radiofréquences (RF) dans le cœur. Plusieurs aspects sont abordés, notamment la précision de la thermométrie, la possibilité de réaliser des ablations thermiques par cathéter RF sous IRM de température in vivo dans le cœur de brebis, ainsi que l’utilisation du cathéter comme sonde d’imagerie dans l’objectif d’accroitre la précision de la thermométrie cardiaque. / My manuscript studies the development of mini and non invasive thermotherapies guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the treatment of hepatic and cardiac diseases. The first part was the development of a method to increase the lesion size, induced by HIFU, and based on bubble enhanced heating (BEH). The acoustic power threshold of the BEH was determined by MR acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) and the thermal effect was characterized by MR thermometry on ex vivo and in vivo in pig livers. The second part developed a strategy to perform HIFU through the rib cage using beam steering to track the respiratory movement or to performed multipoint ablation while avoiding heating of ribs. Transducer elements localized in the geometric projection of the shadow of ribs, relatively to the targeted focal point, were switched off.The third part was the development of the MR thermometry on the heart for the monitoring of radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Several aspects were investigated, in particular the thermometry precision, the feasibility to perform catheter radiofrequency ablation under MR thermometry in vivo in a sheep heart, the possibility to use the catheter as an MR antenna to increase spatial resolution of MR thermometry images.