In 2008, a young coppice was established and studied in the south-eastern part of the Czech Republic. The main studied species Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl agg. and Carpinus betulus L. are typical species of Central European coppices. The aim of the dissertation thesis was to study the topic of re-sprouting, the process when the new regeneration of sprouts is created. Re-sprouting occurred after thinning carried out at the turn of the years 2014/2015. The number of live and dead new sprouts was recorded, and their heights were measured. Subsequently, the effects of the stump basal area before and after thinning, the thinning intensity, leaf area index and light conditions (gap fraction, openness, direct, indirect and total site factor) were studied on the newly established generation of sprouts. Another aim of the dissertation thesis was to find out the effect of thinning on the growth of the coppice in the current changing climate conditions. For three growing seasons (2015 –2017) after the thinning, the growth (diameter and height increments) and soil water content were observed. To study the effect of climatic conditions, a throughfall reduction was simulated by using drainage channels. Similar system of drainage channels was used in Spain, France and other countries. To address the topic of soil degradation, the impact of throughfall reduction and thinning on soil CO2 efflux was investigated. Comparison between subplots with and without thinning, subplots with and without throughfall reduction and coppice with false high forest (control area to the research area of coppice forest) were carried out. As far as the re-sprouting is concerned, the stump basal area before thinning and the thinning intensity statistically significantly influenced the number and height of the new sprouts. Among all factors of light condition, only the indirect site factor was statistically significant. Therefore, the thinning affected soil moisture and the amount of light in the coppice. In the first year after the thinning, the diameter increments of sessile oak and European hornbeam were positively influenced by thinning. In the following two growing seasons, thinning did not significantly influence the diameter increment. However, the height increment of both trees during the whole study period has not been positively affected by thinning. On the other hand, thinning significantly affected the soil moisture. During the three-year study period, soil moisture was higher on thinned plots. This finding is in coincidence with research experiments carried out in southern Europe. The second studied factor, which was the throughfall reduction, did not influence neither the diameter increment, nor the height increment and nor the soil moisture in both species for the entire period. Thinning did not affect soil CO2 efflux rates, whereas the throughfall reduction did. Coppice reached almost the same soil CO2 efflux rates as the false high forest. In conclusion, thinning in coppice leads to an increase of available soil water. The water availability will be very actual issue at lower altitudes – here the tree species are sensitive to high air temperatures and drought stress. It should be noted that the younger developmental stages of the forest stands show increased sensitivity to water deficit due to drought. Thanks to sprouting ability, coppicing can therefore be appropriate management in some deciduous stands at lower altitudes under changing climate conditions.

Proteins from the Bcl-2 family are now for over 30 years widely studied mainly for their key role in apoptosis, a principal mode of regulated cell death. In the last ten years Bcl-2 proteins were also linked to the regulation of cellular signaling, mainly cellular metabolism and respiration. In this study we aimed to analyze non-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 proteins by their genetic elimination using the CRISPR-Cas12a approach and by the subsequent analysis of mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis and metabolic profiling. Our results confirmed that Bcl-2 proteins can modulate the level of mitochondrial respiration. The elimination of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 decreased high respiration of cells lacking pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak to the levels observed in parental U87-MG glioblastoma cells. Therefore, the loss of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins has greatly impacted mitochondrial respiration and it points to their role in a regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.

The general topic of this work is to reveal the potential relationship between tiredness cause by hypokinetic monotonous loading and breathing. The aim was to determine if there are suitable respiratory parameters that would indicate this tirednes and, if so, then verify their validity for predicting the tiredness phenomena accompanying huge range of everyday human activities. The performed experiment was attended by five volunteers who absolved measurements of electrical activity of brain, of breathing and of chest volume changes. The course of the experiment and the behaviour of probands were recorded by a camera. In the first part of each maesuremnt, a specified monotonous task (Task Tracking) was performed. The probands have had to follow the target moving with pseudocasual direction and speed by the cursor on the monitor. This task currently reflected the level of reliability and quality of the performed aktivity. In the second part of measurement, the probands had just to relax and watch a movie. Both parts were measured in two conditions - alert and tired (after 24 hours of sleep deprivation) proband. The data were compared with each other and evaluated. The measurements and the results showed that the rate of the tiredness can be fairly reliably assessed by monitoring of the volume...

Tato dizertační práce je napsána jako termoanalytická studie humifikovaných substrátů, tj. huminových látek a půdních vzorků, získaných z několika různých zdrojů tak, aby byl pokryt co nejširší rozsah primárních charakteristik. Práce hledá lineární korelace (s využitím Pearsonova korelačního koeficientu) mezi kinetikou termo-oxidační degradace (sledovanou pomocí termogravimetrie (TGA) a vyjádřenou konverzním časem stanoveným neizotermickou izokonverzní metodou) a standardními charakteristikami, jako je množství aromatického a karboxylového uhlíku přítomného v huminových látkách stanoveného spektroskopií nukleární magnetické rezonance (NMR). Hlavním cílem této práce je objasnit proces termo-oxidační degradace humifikované části přírodní organické hmoty a hledat závislosti mezi primární a sekundární strukturou huminových látek. Dalším úkolem je nalezení korelace mezi termogravimetrickým úbytkem hmotnosti půdních vzorků a jejich mikrobiální stabilitou měřenou v laboratorních experimentech jakožto půdní respirace (tedy uvolňování oxidu uhličitého). Účelem je zjistit, zdali vzájemné propojení vůbec existuje, a objasnit jaké druhy procesů, které provázejí půdní respiraci, je možné jednoduše odhalit pomocí TGA. Výsledky práce skýtají detailnější pohled na termickou analýzu půdních vzorků a jiných humifikovaných materiálů. Hlavním přínosem této práce je prezentace vyskytujících se aplikací termické analýzy pro charakterizaci půdní organické hmoty a dále také příspěvek k rozvoji aplikací technik termické analýzy v půdní vědě.

mechanical ventilation an inseparable part of almost all surgery, where is anesthesia used. The introductory chapters of this thesis are focus on a teoretical familiarization with the complex issue with artificial lung ventilation. In additional to the history of artificial lung ventilation, chapters included familiarization with anatomy and physiology of lungs, associated with this defined volume of lungs and itself pulmonary ventilation. In the practical part I deal with design of ventilator for used it on laboratory animals.

Acclimation to cold or hardening is known for many decades through its beneficial effects on human health. In contrast, sudden exposure to cold, cold shock, is a great risk of cerebral and cardiac injury, especially in the elderly. There is very little published data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by cold adaptation in heart and brain. The aim of this work was to describe and compare different properties heart, liver, brain and brown adipose tissue mitochondria of rats housed at 25 ± 1 řC and at mild cold (9 ± 1 řC, 5 weeks). The high-resolution oxygraphy, spectrophotometry and Western blotting analyses were used. We found differences in the respiratory control between the heart and liver. Cold acclimation decreased activity of the Krebs cycle enzymes. Fatty acid contribution to the respiration reached the maximum in brown fat and the minimum in the hippocampus. However, further study is necessary.

Psychopharmaca are a large group of drugs widely used not only in psychiatry. Their systemic administration affects both the main diagnosis and the organism as a whole. The subject of our experiments is the effect of psychopharmaca on the changes in mitochondrial functions, which is beneficial for understanding of molecular mechanisms of therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs. The aim of this thesis was to study the in vitro effects of selected drugs on the cell energy metabolism. Selected antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine), antidepressants (bupropion, fluoxetine, amitriptyline, imipramine) and mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, valpromide, lamotrigine, carbamazepine) were tested. In vitro effects of selected psychopharmaca were measured on isolated pig brain mitochondria. The activities of citrate synthase (CS) and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes (I, II+III, IV) were measured spectrophotometrically. Drug-induced changes of mitochondrial respiration rates linked to complex I (supported by malate and pyruvate) and complex II (supported by succinate) were evaluated by high resolution respirometry. Complex I was significantly inhibited by lithium, carbamazepine, fluoxetine,...

This thesis consists of one chapter accepted for publication in a book and four papers published in international journals with impact factors. All of the contributions deal with the role of wood ants in energy and nutrient fluxes in forest ecosystems. Wood ant nests are known as hot spots of carbon dioxide (CO2) production and are also thought to affect methane (CH4) flux. Stable high temperatures are maintained in ant nests even in cold environments. This study is focused on quantification of CO2 and CH4 flux in wood ant nests, contribution of ants and microbes to CO2 production, properties of nest material that affect CO2 production and the role of ants and microbes in the maintenance of nest temperature. The research was conducted in temperate and boreal forests inhabited by wood ants (Formica s. str.). Gas fluxes were measured either by an infrared gas analyser or a static chamber technique. Ants and nest materials were also incubated in a laboratory. Material properties potentially influencing CO2 flux, such as moisture, nutrient content or temperature were determined. According to the results, CH4 oxidation was lower in wood ant nests than in the surrounding forest soil suggesting that some characteristics of ant nests hinder CH4 oxidation or promote CH4 production. Wood ant nests clearly are hot...

A four year experimental study of initial stages of succession on different substrata (sand, peat and gray clay overburden from brown coal mining) was carried out. The substrata were transplanted into two different landscape types in the Czech Republic. Control plots were filled with autochthonous topsoil treated with high temperature vapor. Plots with un-treated autochthonous topsoil were also established. Plant species cover and several soil-biological parameters (soil microbial biomass, basal soil respiration, exchangeable pH(KCl), organic-C extractable by potassium sulfate solution, and nitrate-N content) were measured once a year. Obtained data were mainly processed by unimodal (plant cover data) and liner (soil-biological data) ordination methods. Biological species traits (life span, seed dispersal vector, seed bank type, ecological strategy type following Grime, life form following Raunkiaer) were used to characterize early stages of plant succession. Vegetation and measured soil-biological parameters, except pH(KCl), were significantly changing during four growing seasons. Variance partitioning analysis based on plant species cover data indicated the landscape type to be the main governing factor and physico-chemical characteristics of substrate to be less important during the studied initial stages of succession. The same analysis based on soil-biological parameters showed the reverse result. Great variability of plant species ecological traits was noticed during four growing seasons. The earliest plant colonizers were mainly ruderal, anemochorous terophytes with persistent seed bank. The number of species with C-strategy type increased during the study. The relationship between the average plant species cover and measured soil-biological parameters was also examined during the experimental study of early succession. Direct and indirect ordination revealed the average sum of plant species cover to be weakly positively correlated with soil microbial biomass, basal soil respiration, nitrate-N, potassium sulfate extractable organic-C, metabolic quocient (qCO2) and negatively correlated to exchangeable pH(KCl). The relationship was significant only in the case of microbial biomass and potassium sulfate extractable organic-C. More detailed studies of the relationship between aboveground plant species biomass and soil microbial communities in initial stages of succession are required. Comparability of presented study is limited because not many experimental investigations of similar kind have been presented until now.

v anglickém jazyce: Thesis abstract: Background and aims: Both obesity and metabolic syndrome form severe health problems in the whole world. Nevertheless the armament of pharmacotherapy for both diseases remains unsatisfactory. We aimed our work to main organs in risk of the mentioned diseases -liver and visceral fat using hepatocytes and visceral adipocytes as model. We detected 3 main metabolic and signalization activities- glycogenolysis, Nitric oxide (NO) production and transcription of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in hepatocytes, lipolysis, NO production and iNOS transcription rate in adipocytes. We directed our interest to combination of peroxisome proliferation activator receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, antagonist and β3 adrenergic agonist in the culture of epididymal rat adipocytes in the first part of our work. While in the second part we investigated the influence of β and α adrenergic mimetics, adrenergic blockers in the culture of rat high glycogen content hepatocytes. Methods: NO production was detected under the active agents treatments by detection of NO oxidative products NO2 and NO3 in media. Glycogenolysis was measured as free glucose rise released by hepatocytes into the media. NOS transcription level was extrapolated after comparative polymerase chain reaction with reverse...