Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: Angela P. Clark. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-97).

Introduction: Limited facilities exist at rural hospitals for the management of newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Furthermore, the secondary and tertiary hospitals are under severe strain to accept all the referrals from rural hospitals. Many of these infants require intubation and ventilation with a resuscitation bag which must be sustained for hours until the transport team arrives. Not only is lung damage inflicted by the prolonged ventilation, but transferring the infant by helicopter and ambulance is expensive. CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), a non-invasive form of ventilatory support, has been used successfully at regional (Level 2) and tertiary (Level 3) neonatal units, to manage infants with RDS. It is cost-effective for infants with mild to moderate grades of RDS to be managed at the rural hospital instead of being transferred to the regional secondary or tertiary hospital. CPAP was introduced to Ceres Hospital, a rural Level 1 hospital, in February 2008 for the management of infants with RDS. Aim: To determine the impact of CPAP on the management of infants with RDS in a rural level 1 hospital and whether it can reduce the number of referrals to regional hospitals. Study setting: Nursery at Ceres District Hospital, Cape Winelands District, Western Cape. Study design: Prospective cohort analytical study with an historic control group (HCG). Patients and Methods: The study group (SG) comprised all neonates with respiratory distress born between 27/02/2008 and 26/02/2010. The infants were initially resuscitated with a Neopuff® machine in labour-ward and CPAP was commenced for those with RDS. The survival and referral rates of the SG were compared to an historic control group (HCG) of infants born between 1/2/2006 to 31/01/2008 at Ceres Hospital. Results: During the 2 years of the study, 51 neonates received CPAP (34 <1800g, 17>1800g). Twenty (83%) of the SG infants between 1000g and 1800g and 23 (68%) of the infants between 500g and 1800g survived. Those <1800g that failed CPAP, had either a severe grade of RDS which required intubation and ventilation or were <1000g. Seventeen (33%) of the infants that received CPAP, were in the >1800g group. Thirteen (76%) of these infants were successfully treated with CPAP only. The four infants that failed CPAP suffered from congenital abnormalities and would not have benefited from CPAP. There was no statistically significant difference in the survival between the SG and HCG (80%) (p=0.5490) but the number of referrals decreased significantly from 21% in the HCG to 7% in the SG (p=0.0003). No complications related to CPAP treatment, such as pneumothorax, were noted. The nursing and medical staff quickly became proficient and confident in applying CPAP and were committed to the project. Conclusion: CPAP can be safely and successfully practised in infants with mild to moderate RDS in a rural Level 1 hospital. The survival rate stayed the same as the HCG, even though a higher risk infants were treated in the SG. The transfers were significantly reduced from 21% to 7%. This resulted in significant cost savings for the hospital.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gusman_pb_dr_botfm.pdf: 625469 bytes, checksum: 27745b379b0a215dafab05d5182357ac (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Desde sua primeira descrição, muito se investiu no melhor conhecimento da SARA, na identificação de sua etiologia, seus fatores de risco, seus mecanismos e mediadores, escolhendo-se métodos críticos de avaliação clínica que também pudessem definir o prognóstico. Com o objetivo de verificar se os efeitos da PEEP dependem da morfologia pulmonar, comparando sua resposta em três grupos de pacientes, descritos de acordo com os aspectos de hiperdensidades observadas nos cortes tomográficos, foram estudados 71 pacientes portadores de SARA, comparando-os a 11 voluntários sadios. Cada paciente foi submetido a exame tomográfico helicoidal de tórax em ZEEP e após implemento de PEEP de 10 cmH2O. Parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios foram mensurados nas mesmas condições. Hiperdistensão induzida pela PEEP e recrutamento alveolar foram quantificados por um software específico, Lungview®. Hiperdistensão ocorreu somente nos lobos superiores e se correlacionou significativamente com volume pulmonar caracterizado por uma densidade tomográfica de parênquima pulmonar variando entre -900 UH e -800 UH em ZEEP. Efeitos cárdio-respiratórios em PEEP foram semelhantes nos pacientes com SARA primária e secundária. O recrutamento alveolar induzido pela PEEP nos lobos inferiores se correlacionou de forma significativa com seu volume pulmonar residual. Recrutamento alveolar induzido pela PEEP foi maior nos lobos inferiores com atelectasias inflamatórias do que nos lobos inferiores com atelectasias mecânicas. A morfologia pulmonar acessada pelo exame tomográfico influenciou de forma significativa os efeitos da PEEP. Em pacientes com hiperdensidades difusas, a PEEP induziu recrutamento alveolar importante sem hiperdistensão, enquanto que nos pacientes com hiperdensidades localizadas, a PEEP induziu... / There has been some decades, a lot has been invested in the attempt of better knowledge of ARDS, characterizing in a more trustworthy way your aetiology, risk factors, its mechanisms and mediators, choosing critical methods of clinical evaluation that could also foresee the prognostic. To determine whether differences in lung morphology assessed on the CT scan influence the response to PEEP we study by a prospective study during a 53-month period in a fourteenbed surgical Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital, seventy-one consecutive patients with early ARDS. In each patient, a fast spiral thoracic CT scan was performed in ZEEP and after implementation of PEEP 10 cmH2O. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were also measured in the same conditions. PEEPinduced overdistension and alveolar recruitment were quantified by a specifically designed software, Lungview®. Overdistension occurred only in the upper lobes and was significantly correlated with the volume of lung characterized by a scanographic density ranging between -900 HU and -800 HU parenchyma in ZEEP conditions. Cardiorespiratory effects of PEEP were similar in patients with primary and secondary ARDS. PEEP-induced alveolar recruitment of lower lobes was significantly correlated with their resting lung volume. PEEP-induced alveolar recruitment was greater in the lower lobes with inflammatory atelectasis than in the lower lobes with mechanical atelectasis. Lung morphology assessed on the CT scan markedly influenced the effects of PEEP: in patients with diffuse hyperdensities, PEEP induced a marked alveolar recruitment without overdistension whereas, in patients with lobar hyperdensities, PEEP induced a mild alveolar recruitment associated with overdistension of previously aerated lung areas. These results... (Complete abstract click eletronic address below)

Orientador: José Roberto Fioretto / Banca: Ana Lúcia dos Anjos Ferreira / Banca: Regina Grigolli Cesar / Resumo: Fundamentação/Objetivos: Síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) cursa com elevada taxa de mortalidade a despeito do melhor entendimento de sua fisiopatologia e recentes avanços no tratamento. Ventilação mecânica (VM), uma das mais importantes formas de tratamento, é baseada na utilização de estratégias protetoras com baixo volume corrente (VC) e elevada pressão expiratória final positiva (PEEP). Existem várias terapias adjuvantes, entre as quais o óxido nítrico inalatório (NOi) é conhecido por suas propriedades antiinflamatórias e efeitos benéficos sobre a oxigenação. Quando o NOi é associado à VM protetora, o gás poderia não apenas melhorar a oxigenação mas também reduzir a lesão pulmonar. Objetivo: comparar a VM protetora, com e sem NOi, quanto a oxigenação, estresse oxidativo do tecido pulmonar e lesão histológica e inflamatória dos pulmões. Métodos: Trinta coelhos foram instrumentados com traqueotomia e acessos vasculares e ventilados com FiO2 de 1,0. Lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) foi induzida por infusão traqueal de salina aquecida (30mL/Kg, 38°C) e o estresse oxidativo do tecido pulmonar foi medido pelo método da capacidade antioxidante total (TAP). A inflamação pulmonar foi avaliada pelo contagem do número de células polimorfonucleares (PMN) recuperadas do fluido de lavagem broncoalveolar (BAL). Também foi analisado um escore de lesão pulmonar histopatológica. Os animais foram distribuídos nos seguintes grupos, cada um dos quais com 10 coelhos: a) Controle (GC): baixo VC (6mL/Kg) e PEEP de 5cmH2O; b) ventilação mecânica protetora + LPA (GVM): baixo VC (6mL/Kg) e PEEP de 10cmH2O; e c) ventilação mecânica protetora + LPA + NOi (GVM-NO): baixo VC (6mL/Kg), PEEP de 10cmH2O, e NOi de 5ppm.; d) Dez animais não instrumentados e não ventilados mecanicamente, grupo sadio (GSadio), foram estudados para o TAP. Pressão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been associated with high mortality rate despite better understanding of its pathophysiology and recent advances in treatment. Mechanical ventilation (MV), one of the most important treatments, is based on using protective strategies with low tidal volume (VT) and high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). There are also many adjunctive therapies, of which inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is known for its antiinflammatory properties and positive effects on oxygenation. When iNO is associated with protective MV, it could not only improve oxygenation but may also reduce lung injury. Objective: to compare protective MV with and without iNO for oxygenation, lung oxidative stress, inflammatory and histopathological injury. Methods: Thirty rabbits were instrumented with a tracheotomy and vascular catheters and ventilated at FiO2 1.0. Acute lung injury (ALI) was induced by tracheal infusion of warm saline (30mL/Kg, 38°C), lung oxidative stress was assessed by total antioxidant performance (TAP) assay, and pulmonary inflammation was assessed by counting of the number of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Histopathological lung injury was assessed by a lung injury score. Animals were assigned to groups: a) Control (CG): low tidal volume (6mL/Kg) and PEEP 5cmH2O; b) ALI without iNO (LIG): low tidal volume (6mL/Kg) and PEEP 10cmH2O; and c) ALI with iNO (LINOG): low tidal volume (6mL/Kg), PEEP 10cmH2O, and iNO 5ppm; d) Ten rabbits were studied for oxidative stress analysis without ALI and MV, healthy group (HG). Ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters were recorded every 30 minutes for 4 hours. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: After induction, ALI groups were similar but worse than CG for PaO2/FiO2 (CG:438±87>LIG:80±13=LINOG:81±24;p<0.05) and pulmonary compliance... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: José Roberto Fioretto / Coorientador: Carlos Fernando Ronchi / Banca: Joelma Gonçalves Martin / Banca: Cintia Johnston / Resumo: A Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA) caracteriza-se por processo inflamatório com desenvolvimento de edema intersticial e alveolar, diminuição da complacência pulmonar e hipoxemia refratária à administração de oxigênio. Estudos tomográficos de pulmões em pacientes com SDRA demonstraram que o comprometimento pulmonar é heterogêneo e que a lesão varia de acordo com o posicionamento, sendo maior o comprometimento nas áreas dependentes da gravidade. Dessa forma, a colocação do paciente em posição prona passou a integrar o arsenal de terapias adjuvantes na SDRA. A ventilação pulmonar mecânica (VM) constitui um dos pilares do tratamento da SDRA, sendo capaz de modificar a evolução da doença. Existem dois métodos ventilatórios de proteção pulmonar utilizados na síndrome, um baseado na VM convencional (VMC) e outro na ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência (VOAF). O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os efeitos da VOAF e da VMC protetora associadas à posição prona sobre oxigenação, inflamação, histologia e dano oxidativo pulmonar, em modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) induzida em coelhos. Quarenta e cinco coelhos foram instrumentados com traqueostomia, acessos vasculares e ventilados mecanicamente. A LPA foi induzida por infusão traqueal de salina aquecida (30mL/Kg, 38°C). Foram formados três grupos experimentais: a) Animais sadios + VMC Protetora [grupo controle (GC) em posição supina; n=15]; b) Animais com LPA + VMC Protetora (posição prona, GVMC; n=15); c) Animais com LPA + VOAF (posição prona, GVAF; n=15). Após 10 minutos do início da ventilação específica de cada grupo, foi colhida gasometria arterial, sendo este momento denominado tempo zero (T0), após o qual o animal foi posicionado em posição prona assim permanecendo por 4 horas. A oxigenação foi avaliada pela relação PaO2/FiO2, a inflamação pulmonar pelo nível ... / Abstract: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by inflammation with development of interstitial and alveolar edema, decreased lung compliance and hypoxemia refractory to oxygen. Tomographic studies in the lungs of patients with ARDS have shown that impaired lung is heterogeneous and that injury varies with the position being higher in the areas commitment dependent on gravity. Thus, placing the patient in the prone position became part of the arsenal of adjuvant therapies for ARDS. Mechanical ventilation (MV) is the most important ARDS treatment, being able to modify the course of disease. There are two protective ventilatory methods, one based on conventional MV (CMV) and the other in high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of HFOV and CMV protective associated with prone position on oxygenation, inflammation, histology and oxidative lung damage in an experimental model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced in rabbits. Forty-five rabbits were instrumented with tracheostomy, vascular access and mechanically ventilated. ALI was induced by infusion of warm saline tracheal (30ml/kg, 38° C). The study involved three groups: a) Healthy animals + Protective CMV [control group (CG) in the supine position, n = 15], b) animals with ALI + Protective CMV (prone position, GVMC, n = 15); c) Animals with ALI + HFOV (prone position, GVAF, n = 15). After 10 minutes of the beginning of each group of specific ventilation an arterial blood gases was collected, being designated time zero point (T0). After that the animal was placed in prone position and remained so for 4 hours. Oxygenation was measured by PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lung inflammation by TNF-alpha and counting of the number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), pulmonary oxidative stress was determined by Total Antioxidant Performance Assay (TAP) and ... / Mestre