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No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to compare Negro and white responses to the Rorschach.

ABSTRACT: Worldwide, social responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic have been largely negative, with widespread revulsion to the illness manifesting in hatred, discrimination, rejection, exclusion, marginalisation and fear of those infected, such that witch-hunts, harsh criminal legislation, seclusion camps and other extreme reactions to the illness have been seen (Cameron, 2005). South Africa, despite having enacted a number of laws and policies to protect the rights of people living with HIV/Aids, has not been immune from the negative social response to the disease, with many HIV-positive South Africans having recounted stories of how being HIV-positive has led to alienation from family and friends, difficulties in accessing education and healthcare services, job loss, emotion and verbal abuse, and even physical violence (Campbell, 2003; Preston- Whyte, 2004; Stadler, 2004; Stein, 2004). Negative social responses to HIV/AIDS can be seen as having a detrimental effect on the ability of affected communities to deal with the challenges posed by the disease. For example, fear of the shame and disgrace attached to HIV/AIDS is often at the root of the failure of people to undergo testing, to reveal their HIVpositive status, to seek out treatment and routinely take medication. Cases have been cited of HIV-positive women who continue to breastfeed, despite the knowledge that this may endanger their child, in order to avoid being identified as having HIV, and of HIV-positive people who continue to engage in unprotected sex, for the same reason (Campbell, 2003; Preston-Whyte, 2004). Thus, it is important to tackle the challenge represented by negative social responses to people infected with HIV/AIDS. In order to do so, it is necessary to understand the nature, causes and consequences of responses to the disease. Towards this, this research study has attempted to examine the factors shaping negative social responses to HIV/AIDS among a selected group of white South Africans. Factors that emerged as influential include notions of blame, deviance and morality, as well as pre-existing prejudices, particularly along racial lines.

AIMS OF THE STUDY I. To investigate the attitudes of three groups of adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds viz. Asian, English and West Indian, towards certain authority-figures in Bristol - parents, school teachers and police-officers. II. To determine whether Asian and West Indian adolescents are positive or negative in their attitudes towards these authority- figures. III. To account for any differences in attitudes between the groups' evaluations/ratings of the eight authority-figures. METHODOLOGY There are two main parts to the current study. The first stage involves the elicitation of personal constructs from 200 adolescents - girls and boys 15-16 years. These adolescents completed the Role Title Grids which consisted of the authority- figures. Personal constructs describing them were elicited. Five independent judges selected personal constructs which they considered to be representative of the three groups. These were used in constructing the rating grid or scale. The second stage of the investigation was the administration of the rating grid to two hundred and seventy-one (271) adolescents in five (5) comprehensive schools in Bristol. RESULTS I. Descriptive statistics were used in Stage 1 of the analysis of the data to establish trends and differences between the groups. Means and standard deviations were computed which indicated that there were differences between the groups for the authority-figures - headmaster/deputy head, female/male teacher and policeman/policewoman. II. Two by two 'Analysis of Variance' was undertaken in order to find out how significant these differences were. The "F ratios" obtained showed that the differences between Asian and English, as well as Asian and West Indian were significant at the .05 level of significance. III. The "One Tailed 't' test" was used to identify which group(s) these differences could be associated with - in respect of authority-figures. The results showed that the differences could be associated with the West Indian and English groups. IV. Cross-tabulation and (x2) Chi Square statistics were used to establish the frequency with which each group use personal construct(s) in evaluating or rating authority-figures. The results show that Asians responded 'favourable' to the attitude constructs in the evaluation of all the eights authority figures. whereas the West Indians and English responded 'unfavourable' to six of the authority figures.

Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei Bucholz) has encroached into the historical grasslands of the Edwards Plateau. This area is environmentally sensitive as it serves as the recharge zone for the Edwards aquifer, providing large municipalities such as Austin, San Antonio, and San Marcos with water. The increased tree density may impact local water budgets, but the trees may have the capability of sequestering a greater amount of carbon than the historic grasslands. An understanding of what regulates gas exchange and water relations at the leaf level of the two dominant tree species, Ashe juniper and live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Var. fusiformis), is important to assess the impact of juniper encroachment on the aquifer. Photosynthesis and transpiration were measured in four juniper and four oak trees throughout an entire year. Juniper consistently had lower carbon assimilation rates, transpiration, and conductance values than oak. Oak exhibited greater seasonal variation and seemed less dependent on precipitation to maintain gas exchange. Canopy position in live oak regulates leaf level photosynthesis to a higher degree than in Ashe juniper. Gas exchange of both species decline as water becomes limited, but juniper consistently exhibits lower and steadier rates throughout the year than oak. Juniper does not respond quickly to erratic precipitation events. The consistent low rates of gas exchange and stomatal responses in juniper could indicate shallower rooting structure and/or limitation of hydraulic conductivity, as well as photosynthetic capacity. The higher rates of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductivity exhibited by live oak during drought suggest a deeper rooting pattern than Ashe juniper. Light response curves were computed for three juniper and three oak trees that were marked and sampled at three different seasons. Juniper light-compensation and light-saturation estimates, at different canopy positions, were poor indicators of differences in photosynthetic capacity between the two species. Patterns of light responses of juniper and oak did not follow responses of previous studies assessing differences in photosynthetic capacity through light-response curves. Computing the light curves was difficult due to low tree activity and lack of responses to changes in light, especially in juniper.

Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei Bucholz) has encroached into the historical grasslands of the Edwards Plateau. This area is environmentally sensitive as it serves as the recharge zone for the Edwards aquifer, providing large municipalities such as Austin, San Antonio, and San Marcos with water. The increased tree density may impact local water budgets, but the trees may have the capability of sequestering a greater amount of carbon than the historic grasslands. An understanding of what regulates gas exchange and water relations at the leaf level of the two dominant tree species, Ashe juniper and live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Var. fusiformis), is important to assess the impact of juniper encroachment on the aquifer. Photosynthesis and transpiration were measured in four juniper and four oak trees throughout an entire year. Juniper consistently had lower carbon assimilation rates, transpiration, and conductance values than oak. Oak exhibited greater seasonal variation and seemed less dependent on precipitation to maintain gas exchange. Canopy position in live oak regulates leaf level photosynthesis to a higher degree than in Ashe juniper. Gas exchange of both species decline as water becomes limited, but juniper consistently exhibits lower and steadier rates throughout the year than oak. Juniper does not respond quickly to erratic precipitation events. The consistent low rates of gas exchange and stomatal responses in juniper could indicate shallower rooting structure and/or limitation of hydraulic conductivity, as well as photosynthetic capacity. The higher rates of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductivity exhibited by live oak during drought suggest a deeper rooting pattern than Ashe juniper. Light response curves were computed for three juniper and three oak trees that were marked and sampled at three different seasons. Juniper light-compensation and light-saturation estimates, at different canopy positions, were poor indicators of differences in photosynthetic capacity between the two species. Patterns of light responses of juniper and oak did not follow responses of previous studies assessing differences in photosynthetic capacity through light-response curves. Computing the light curves was difficult due to low tree activity and lack of responses to changes in light, especially in juniper.

No description available.

No description available.