Engaging in 150+ minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise is a recommended self-management strategy for arthritis. Considering the low levels of exercise among individuals with arthritis, national calls have been made for investigation of theory-based processes important for adherence. Self-regulation may be a key process important for persisting with exercise plans in the face of arthritis pain anxiety. The present study examined relationships based upon a known model (Fear Avoidance [FA] model) used to understand self-regulatory behavioral responses to pain anxiety – an unexamined relationship in the arthritis and exercise literature. Primary study purposes involved examination of predictors (pain, pain anxiety, and pain acceptance) of maladaptive and adaptive self-regulatory responses among adults with arthritis who exercise. The secondary purpose examined whether participants who met the recommended dose of exercise over a two-week period significantly differed in their pain cognitions and self-regulatory responses to pain anxiety compared to less active counterparts. Participants were 136 adults (Mage = 49.75 ± 13.88years) with self-reported medically-diagnosed arthritis. Online surveys of pain cognitions and demographics were completed at baseline, followed by self-reported exercise two weeks later. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses illustrated that: (a) pain anxiety was a significant, positive predictor of the use of maladaptive self- regulatory responses (p < .001) and (b) the interaction of pain anxiety x pain acceptance was a significant predictor of the adaptive self-regulatory responses relationship (p < .05). Follow-up analyses illustrated that pain acceptance was a moderator of the pain anxiety – adaptive self-regulatory responses relationship. Participants with higher pain acceptance used adaptive responses less frequently when anxiety was lower than participants with lower acceptance. When pain anxiety was higher, both higher and lower pain acceptance was associated with the more frequent use of adaptive self-regulatory responses. A MANOVA analysis illustrated that participants meeting the recommended exercise dose had significantly lower pain anxiety, higher pain acceptance, and used maladaptive self-regulatory responses less compared to the group not meeting the dose (p’s ≤ .01). Taken together, findings provide the first ever support for FA model predictions in the arthritis – exercise domain. The results of this observational study suggest a next step could be an extended longitudinal study design with multiple time periods of assessment (e.g., measures once a month over a six-month period). Observing the relationships over time would provide a better understanding of within-person changes in the psychosocial variables relative to exercise. Such research would provide a profile of individuals’ levels of anxiety, acceptance, and self-regulatory responses when they either decrease or completely avoid exercise and when they adhere. Obtaining a social cognitive profile of people at risk for exercise avoidance may be a useful tool in the future to identify those who are in need of intervention to deal with their pain anxiety.

The provision of free or low cost meals is an integral component of community services working to address problems of poverty and homelessness in Canada. However, there has been little systematic examination of how they function relative to clients&rsquo; nutrition needs. The objective of this research was to investigate the scope and nature of meal programs by examining an inventory of charitable food provisioning activities, created between 2010 and 2011, in five Canadian cities. Of 290 agencies offering meal programs, 548000 meals were served every month. However, service scheduling varied throughout the week, and the majority of agencies were reliant on volunteer labour, donated food supplies, and experienced difficulties managing the current demand for food assistance. Findings from this study highlight the strengths and limitations of the current food provisioning system and a need to improve the capacity of agencies to respond to populations experiencing food insecurity in Canada.

The provision of free or low cost meals is an integral component of community services working to address problems of poverty and homelessness in Canada. However, there has been little systematic examination of how they function relative to clients&rsquo; nutrition needs. The objective of this research was to investigate the scope and nature of meal programs by examining an inventory of charitable food provisioning activities, created between 2010 and 2011, in five Canadian cities. Of 290 agencies offering meal programs, 548000 meals were served every month. However, service scheduling varied throughout the week, and the majority of agencies were reliant on volunteer labour, donated food supplies, and experienced difficulties managing the current demand for food assistance. Findings from this study highlight the strengths and limitations of the current food provisioning system and a need to improve the capacity of agencies to respond to populations experiencing food insecurity in Canada.

Two different feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with the dairy/yeast prebiotic GroBiotic-A (GBA) to Nile tilapia diets. A nutritionally complete basal diet was supplemented with GBA at either 1 or 2% of dry weight, and all three diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish in two consecutive trials. Trial 1 continued for 8 weeks, while Trial 2 was conducted for 5 weeks to more specifically assess immunological responses, intestinal characteristics and disease resistance of tilapia. At the conclusion of Trial 1, there were no differences in weight gain (WG) or feed efficiency (FE) among fish fed the three diets. However, fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% had significantly increased survival and noticeably elevated levels of plasma lysozyme compared to fish fed the basal diet or the diet with GBA at 1%. Similarly, at the conclusion of Trial 2, WG and FE were unaffected by GBA supplementation; however, fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% also exhibited elevated plasma lysozyme as well as significantly (P < 0.05) increased levels of extracellular superoxide anion production (EX-SOAP) by macrophages. Dendrogram analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) images detected a significantly different microbial community within the intestine of fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% compared to fish fed the basal diet and diet with GBA at 1%. None of the experimental diets resulted in significant improvements to survival after exposure to Streptococcus iniae due to within treatment variability. However, fish fed the diet with GBA at 2% did tend to experience reduced mortality (12.5%) as compared to fish fed the basal diet (35%). Thus, supplementation of GBA at 2% of diet did alter the gut microbiota of tilapia and enhanced immunological responses and disease resistance to S. iniae.

To track evolution of autonomic responses during orthostasis in men and women, we used discrete pseudo-Wigner distribution based time-frequency analysis to compute dominant frequencies and spectral powers in RR intervals and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP). Data were collected from 38 healthy volunteers (22 men, 16 women) during 10 min supine posture followed by 30 min of 700 head up tilt. The RR intervals were computed from ECG and systolic blood pressure was and spectral amplitudes of RR intervals were integrated in two regions viz., Low Frequency (LF) region defined between 0.05-0.15 Hz and High Frequency region (HF), sometimes referred to as respiratory frequency region, defined as mean breathing frequency of the individual +/- one standard deviation. Dominant frequencies of RR intervals in the LF region decreased in both men and women. There were no significant differences between men and women as far as the SBP data were concerned for the dominant frequencies, however women had higher values than men. Dominant frequencies of RR intervals in the HF region increased both in men and women from supine to tilt. No significant differences in dominant frequencies were found between men and women. Also there were no significant differences even for the SBP data, however men had higher values than women Integrated powers within the auto spectra of RR showed that in the HF region, power decreased significantly for both men (pandlt;0.005), and women (pandlt;0.001) during tilt compared to supine. However, the HF power in women was significantly higher for men during both supine (pandlt;0.001), and tilt (pandlt;0.005). In LF region integrated power spectrum showed no significant difference between men and women although women showed a slight increase from supine to tilt. These results suggest that men have a higher sympathetic control while women have greater para-sympathetic influence.

Hypoxia can result in brain injury. Hypoxic brain injury can also result in excess stress hormones and activated immune responses. In this study, we examined multiple spontaneous motor behaviors, concentrations of stress hormones, and gene expression of immune responses in rats after perinatal hypoxia. Hypoxic animals exhibited impaired spontaneous motor behaviors in several tests. Perinatal hypoxia also caused increased levels of stress hormones and altered expression of genes associated with adaptive and innate immunity at different time points after hypoxia exposure. Findings demonstrate stress hormones and immune responses are available to play an important role in perinatal brain injury and can impact delayed behavioral development.

Many studies have documented adverse affects to inequitable situations in non-human primates. The behaviors that have predominantly been examined include food taking, collecting, giving, and refusals between the primate subjects and the experimenters. However, no studies had looked at the affective responses to inequity in primates. In a recent study, four-year old children who were rewarded inequitably accepted the reward, however they showed affective signs of dissatisfaction. For this study, we looked for affective displays in capuchins during inequitable exchange tasks. We predicted that the capuchins that were experiencing inequity would show more signs of agitation and aggression than those in equitable situations. We saw no increase in agitation or aggression when subjects were treated inequitably. There was higher aggression towards partners who received the lower reward in inequitable situations and less agitation seen by partners during frustration controls. Future studies may find our hypothesized results using different methodologies.

No description available.

主催：JST/CREST，Vrije University, ALTERRA, IBPC

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。