Akademisk avhandling--Filosofie doktorsexamen--Stockholms universitet, 1994.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Anthropologie--Université de Bordeaux I, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 253-276.

Th.--Chirurgie dentaire--Nancy 1, 1985. / Titre de couv. : "La Vergentière à Cohons, étude odontologique et classification par denture des dents humaines des dolmens 1 et 2" Bibliogr. p. 157-162.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--S aarbrücken--Universität des Saarlandes, 1994. / Bibliogr. p. 160-166.

Cette thèse présente l’étude de deux restes de supernova galactiques dans le domaine visible : la nébuleuse du Voile et Cassiopeia A. Les observations de ces objets ont été conduites avec deux spectromètres imageurs à transformée de Fourier (iFTS) : SpIOMM, installé à l’Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, et SITELLE installé au télescope Canada-France-Hawaï. La première partie de la thèse consiste en une étude hyperspectrale du Voile. Grâce au grand champ de vue de SpIOMM (120STX120), la presque totalité des structures filamentaires situées au nord-est du Voile (NGC 6992/95) ont pu être cartographiées et analysées. Au total, près de 3 millions de spectres ont été obtenus couvrant les raies d’émission suivantes : HFF, HVT, [O III] NAK NAK4959,5007, [N II] NAK NAK6548,6583 et [S II] NAK NAK6716,6731. Afin de cartographier la raie de [O II] NAK3727+3729, l’instrument SITELLE a été utilisé pour observer un champ du Voile dans NGC 6992. Quelques spectres à longue fente couvrant tout le domaine visible (3624-7433 Å) ont été obtenus en complément. L’étude hyperspectrale du Voile a permis de générer plusieurs cartes de ratios permettant d’apprécier la variété et la complexité des différentes raies émissions et leurs intensités relatives aux régions observées. L’analyse systématique de ces observations en utilisant les modèles de choc évalués par le code de modélisation MAPPINGS a permis de mieux comprendre l’interaction complexe entre les chocs et le gaz circumstellaire et interstellaire autour du Voile. Les régions observées ont été analysées à l’aide de plusieurs diagrammes diagnostiques et cartes d’analyses mettant en évidence les différents paramètres de choc, tels que la localisation des chocs incomplets, les vitesses de choc et les densités électroniques. De plus, les cartes d’abondances d’oxygène, d’azote et de soufre sont présentées permettant d’apprécier la composition chimique des régions observées. La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude de Cassiopeia A avec SpIOMM. L’entièreté des émissions en [N II] NAK NAK6548,6583 et [S II] NAK NAK6716,6731 ont été cartographiées. Les quasistationary flocculi riches en azote ainsi que les éjectas riches en [S II] sont analysés. En combinant les données d’archive de Hubble et les données de SpIOMM, nous avons obtenu une vue tridimensionnelle de l’objet qui permet de localiser les positions spatiales des éjectas [S II] autour du centre de l’explosion, ce qui a permis d’apprécier l’inhomogénéité de leur distribution. À partir de nos données et à l’aide d’une nouvelle méthode, nous avons réévalué la distance de Cas A à 3.33 ACK 0.10 kpc. / This thesis presents the analysis of two galactic supernova remnants in the visible spectral range: the Veil Nebula and Cassiopeia A. The observations were conducted with two wide-field imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (iFTS) : SpIOMM installed at the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic and SITELLE recently installed at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. The first part of the thesis consists of a hyperspectral analysis of the Veil Nebula. With the wide field of view provided by SpIOMM (120STX120), nearly all of the filamentary structures located in the north-eastern part of the Veil have been mapped and analysed. In total, nearly 3 million spectra have been obtained covering the following emission lines : HFF, HVT, [O III] NAK NAK4959,5007, [N II] NAK NAK6548,6583 and [S II] NAK NAK6716,6731. In order to map the [O II] NAK3727+3729 lines, SITELLE has been used to observed one region in the Veil centered on NGC 6992. A few long slit spectra were also obtained covering the visible range 3624-7433 Å. The hyperspectral analysis of the Veil Nebula has allowed the creation of several ratios maps allowing to appreciate the variety and complexity of the different emission lines and their relative intensities in the observed regions. A systematic analysis of the observations using shock models evaluated by the modeling code MAPPINGS have helped to better understand the complex interaction between shocks and the circumstellar and interstellar gas around the object. The observed areas were analyzed using several diagnostic diagrams and ratios maps highlighting the different impact of several shock parameters such as the location of incomplete shock, impact velocities and electron densities. In addition, abundance maps of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur are presented to assess the chemical composition of the remnant. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the analysis of Cassiopeia A with SpIOMM. All the [N II] NAK NAK6548,6583 and [S II] NAK NAK6716,6731 emissions have been mapped, allowing the analysis of the nitrogen rich quasi-stationnary flocculi as well as the fast moving ejecta visible in [S II]. We used multi-epoch observations from the Hubble Space Telescope combined with data taken with SpIOMM to generate a three-dimensional spatial view of the [S II] NAK NAK6716, 6731 emissions showing their location, expansion velocity and the [S II] doublet line ratio for multiple locations in the remnant. Finally, we re-evaluate the distance to Cas A using a new method and obtained 3.33ACK0.10 kpc.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’habitation yup’ik semi-souterraine du site de Nunalleq (GDN-248). Il se situe dans le sud-ouest de l’Alaska, sur le vaste delta des fleuves Yukon et Kuskokwim. L’objectif de cette étude est de préciser les modes et les conditions de vie des Yupiit qui ont occupé cette structure entre 1570 et 1630 de notre ère. La méthode employée pour y parvenir est l’archéoentomologie. Treize échantillons qui proviennent des niveaux de sols de la maison ont ainsi été analysés, dans lesquels plusieurs centaines de restes de coléoptères et d’ectoparasites ont été identifiés. Leur répartition dans l’espace a permis de mieux comprendre certains aspects des modes de vie des Yupiit, notamment des pratiques culturelles liées à la gestion des poux humains et la présence du chien dans leur habitation. Les conditions environnementales à l’intérieur de la maison ont aussi été investiguées à partir des restes des coléoptères. L’exploitation des ressources naturelles, particulièrement les plantes, est également un élément qu’il a été possible de saisir. Enfin, l’impact d’un établissement de chasseurs-cueilleurs sur son environnement est discuté dans les interprétations. / This master’s thesis examines a Yup’ik semi-subterranean dwelling at Nunalleq (GDN-248), located on the delta of the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers in southwestern Alaska. The main objective of this study is to assess past lifeways of the Yupiit people wholived in this village site between 1570 and 1670 AD. Archaeoentomology is the research methodology used to address the research questions. Thirteen samples taken from the housefloor were analysed and found to contain hundreds of beetles (Coleoptera), lice and fleasremains. Their spatial distribution provides an understanding of some aspects of Yup’ikdaily life at Nunalleq, including practices such as delousing and the presence of dogs inside the dwelling. Environmental conditions in the house were also provided by beetle remains. Local resource exploitation, including that of plants is also documented. Finally, the impact of this hunter-gatherer settlement on the environment is discussed.

Th. / Bibliogr. p. 311-318.

Texte remanié de: Ph.D.--Dunedin--University of Otago, 1992. / Bibliogr. p. 340-377. Index.

The Levant, and Israel in particular, possesses a rich archaeological record of prehistoric caves from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. Some of these caves have been subjected to intensive multidisciplinary studies, providing information not only on the archaeological record, but also on the diagenetic processes that have affected this archaeological record through time.One of the most interesting remains preserved in these caves is the ashy features or hearths. They are usually abundant and often visually well preserved. Ash accumulations are sometimes meters thick. Their presence has made it possible to use and develop new techniques in order to obtain more information about the fire related activities carried out in the cave, the functionality of these hearths and their significance in the social life of past cultures.One of the techniques used for the study of hearths involves the analysis of phytoliths. Phytolith analyses in prehistoric hearths can be used for a variety of purposes. These include the identification of ash remains, even in locations where they are not visible to the naked eye due to diagenetic alteration; the identification, in a specific hearth, of the use of wood/bark as opposed to other types of vegetation such as grasses, and the identification of different species of trees and/or other plants used as fuel in a specific hearth. It is also conceivable that the latter two sources of information could provide indications of possible uses of fire (cooking, warmth, technical purposes, etc.) based on the different fuels used.An interpretation of the phytolith data from an ashy feature or hearth needs to be based both, on the morphological characteristics and the quantitative analyses of the phytoliths. This provides information on the absolute number of phytoliths produced by the trees and other plant taxa present in the area, and on the number of phytoliths per unit weight of sediment. This in tum may indicate, for example, the extent of mixing of ash with other soils, the relative proportions of say wood ash and grasses in a hearth, or the use of fruits from trees or other parts of the trees.This study focuses on the ash layers frorn two prehistoric caves in Israel, Tabun and Kebara, both located on Mount Carmel, Israel (Figure 1). Tabun was occupied during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic periods and Kebara was occupied during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. Both caves have visible hearths, with those in Kebara being particularly impressive.Alternative modes of occupation of Tabun Cave during the deposition of the Mousterian Levels B and C, have been proposed. Garrod & Bate (1937) interpreted the archaeological record of both levels as being indicative of domestic occupationaI activities. Jelinek et al. (1973) proposed that the presence of articulated limb bones of "Dama mesopotamica" in the Level B sediments below the cave chimney, indicated that the cave was used as a natural game trap. They also noted that the white ash layers in Level C extended across the whole cave, and proposed that this was due to the burning of natural vegetation in the cave. The study carried out in Tabun cave aims at clarifying the modes of occupation during these periods.Level B sediments closely resembles the terra rossa soil, that is common in this region. Burning activity is inferred from charcoal fragments observed in thin sections. A minor wood ash component is present based on the preponderance of phytoliths with a variable, irregular morphology, produced mostly in wood and bark as compared to those with a consistent or characteristic morphology, as well as phytoliths with shapes characteristics of those formed in wood and bark of local trees. Thus fires were produced in the cave during this period. The cave may also have been used as a game trap.Level C is composed of multiple layers of brown, black and white sediments. Micromorphology, mineralogy and phytolith analyses all show that these layers are mixtures of terra rossa soil and ash, with the latter being abundant in the white layers. The phytoliths in these layers are derived almost entirely from wood and bark, and not from grasses. These observations are consistent with a domestic occupational mode.Kebara cave is a well studied archaeological site. It contains abundant visible hearths and ash-derived minerals that are the major component of the Mousterian sediments. The latter are in varying states of preservation. Furthermore, archeobotanic information is available from charred remains. Kebara cave is thus an ideal location to study the potential of phytoliths to provide information on the mode of fire used in the cave, to assess the input of other plant materials, as well as to determine the effects of diagenesis on phytolith preservation.Sixteen samples were analyzed in terms of their mineralogy, phytolith contents per unit weight of acid insoluble fraction, and phytolith morphologies. In general the preservation of the phytoliths is good, except for the two samples in which the mineral component at present is largely ash-derived calcite. The cave sediments contain about ten times more phytoliths than those present in the four samples analyzed from outside the cave. The major source of plant material input into the cave is clearly from the wood and bark used for the fuel for fires. The grass phytoliths present in the samples are also thought to have been brought into the cave mainly associated with the wood/bark fuel. Sediments from the hearths, as well as those between the hearths, contain abundant wood/bark phytoliths. The two samples of the latter contain also appreciable amounts of phytoliths not known to be present in wood and bark, as do other hearth-derived samples. Plant materials other than those used as fuel, were thus also brought into the cave.The study about Kebara cave shows that phytoliths analysis, in conjunction with detailed mineralogical, stratigraphic, archaeobotanic and field information, can provide a more complete understanding of the use of plant materials in prehistoric caves for both fuel and other purposes.

Thèse (M. A.)--Université Laval, 2006. / Bibliogr.: f. [118]-126. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.