In this thesis, the effectiveness of microparticle retention aid systems comprising of different cationic starches (tapioca and waxy maize), cationic flocculants (flocculant 1, linear with low charge density and flocculant 2, branched with medium charge density polyacrylamides) and anionic colloidal silica in improving retention and drainage of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) suspensions loaded with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is studied. While starch is primarily added as dry strength agent in PCC-filled TMP suspensions, it also has a significant role in improving retention and drainage. Tapioca starch, which has both amylose and amylopectin, is found to be a better retention and drainage aid than waxy maize starch, which only contains amylopectin. In the absence of starch, both flocculants are ineffective in improving retention and drainage. With starch, both flocculant and silica are significant in enhancing retention and drainage further. Increasing the dosage of either flocculant or silica generally increases retention as well as drainage. Flocculant 2 is found to give slightly worse total and filler retention but better drainage compared to flocculant 1. The dosage of flocculant 2 is only half that of flocculant 1 though – for this reason overall flocculant 2 is deemed more effective in improving retention and drainage than flocculant 1. Split starch addition, where a portion of the starch is premixed with PCC and the rest added to the pulp, causes a slight decrease in both retention and drainage. Therefore, should the papermaker decide to use this approach, the starch should be split in a 25:75 ratio between PCC and the pulp to minimize the negative effects. Due to the cost benefits of using increased amounts of PCC, it is desirable to increase PCC content beyond the standard currently used (250 kg/t OD pulp for communications-grade paper). However, at very high dosages of PCC (500 kg/t OD pulp), the best combination identified in this work (tapioca starch, flocculant 2 and silica) is unable to maintain good retention and drainage. Increasing retention aid dosages may help retain more PCC, however this tactic can rapidly become uneconomical. A new approach is thus needed to achieve such highly-filled papers.

In this thesis, the effectiveness of microparticle retention aid systems comprising of different cationic starches (tapioca and waxy maize), cationic flocculants (flocculant 1, linear with low charge density and flocculant 2, branched with medium charge density polyacrylamides) and anionic colloidal silica in improving retention and drainage of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) suspensions loaded with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is studied. While starch is primarily added as dry strength agent in PCC-filled TMP suspensions, it also has a significant role in improving retention and drainage. Tapioca starch, which has both amylose and amylopectin, is found to be a better retention and drainage aid than waxy maize starch, which only contains amylopectin. In the absence of starch, both flocculants are ineffective in improving retention and drainage. With starch, both flocculant and silica are significant in enhancing retention and drainage further. Increasing the dosage of either flocculant or silica generally increases retention as well as drainage. Flocculant 2 is found to give slightly worse total and filler retention but better drainage compared to flocculant 1. The dosage of flocculant 2 is only half that of flocculant 1 though – for this reason overall flocculant 2 is deemed more effective in improving retention and drainage than flocculant 1. Split starch addition, where a portion of the starch is premixed with PCC and the rest added to the pulp, causes a slight decrease in both retention and drainage. Therefore, should the papermaker decide to use this approach, the starch should be split in a 25:75 ratio between PCC and the pulp to minimize the negative effects. Due to the cost benefits of using increased amounts of PCC, it is desirable to increase PCC content beyond the standard currently used (250 kg/t OD pulp for communications-grade paper). However, at very high dosages of PCC (500 kg/t OD pulp), the best combination identified in this work (tapioca starch, flocculant 2 and silica) is unable to maintain good retention and drainage. Increasing retention aid dosages may help retain more PCC, however this tactic can rapidly become uneconomical. A new approach is thus needed to achieve such highly-filled papers.

Cationized tannins as a retention aid for cellulose fibre Daniel Bäckström   Abstract The purpose of this study was to try cationized tannins as a potential retention aid for cellulose fibres in papermaking and to compare their potential with starch which already is commonly used. The study also tried to find other advantages with using tannins as a retention aid. Synthetic retention aids like polyacrylamide is also commonly used in papermaking, with good results. Synthetic retention aids are long-lived and their long-term effect on the environment is unkown. Therefore the demands are growing for more bio-degradable products. Measure glass, turbidity removal and COD was used in this study to analyse tannins as a retention aid on cellulose fibres. The results showed very clear water and a higher flocculation compared to the glass without tannins. 500 ppm tannins added to recycled fibres showed the best results for both flocculation and clear water as well as the highest turbidity removal, from 85 to 24 FTU. Different tannins was used in this study, and Tanfloc from the bark of the Acacia tree showed the best results. In the comparison between cationized starch and Tanfloc, Tanfloc showed better results for both flocculation and clearer water. Tannins shows potential as a retention aid for cellulose fibres, but clearer water and higher flocculation is not enough to determine tannins as a retention aid. They also show potential to solve the problem with bacteria in paper making because of their antibacterial effect. However, more tests and other methods needs to be done to show tannins potential as a retention aid.

In this thesis, the effectiveness of microparticle retention aid systems comprising of different cationic starches (tapioca and waxy maize), cationic flocculants (flocculant 1, linear with low charge density and flocculant 2, branched with medium charge density polyacrylamides) and anionic colloidal silica in improving retention and drainage of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) suspensions loaded with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is studied. While starch is primarily added as dry strength agent in PCC-filled TMP suspensions, it also has a significant role in improving retention and drainage. Tapioca starch, which has both amylose and amylopectin, is found to be a better retention and drainage aid than waxy maize starch, which only contains amylopectin. In the absence of starch, both flocculants are ineffective in improving retention and drainage. With starch, both flocculant and silica are significant in enhancing retention and drainage further. Increasing the dosage of either flocculant or silica generally increases retention as well as drainage. Flocculant 2 is found to give slightly worse total and filler retention but better drainage compared to flocculant 1. The dosage of flocculant 2 is only half that of flocculant 1 though – for this reason overall flocculant 2 is deemed more effective in improving retention and drainage than flocculant 1. Split starch addition, where a portion of the starch is premixed with PCC and the rest added to the pulp, causes a slight decrease in both retention and drainage. Therefore, should the papermaker decide to use this approach, the starch should be split in a 25:75 ratio between PCC and the pulp to minimize the negative effects. Due to the cost benefits of using increased amounts of PCC, it is desirable to increase PCC content beyond the standard currently used (250 kg/t OD pulp for communications-grade paper). However, at very high dosages of PCC (500 kg/t OD pulp), the best combination identified in this work (tapioca starch, flocculant 2 and silica) is unable to maintain good retention and drainage. Increasing retention aid dosages may help retain more PCC, however this tactic can rapidly become uneconomical. A new approach is thus needed to achieve such highly-filled papers. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

QC 20120530

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