Nitrile hydratase activity in Rhodococcus rhodochrous DAP 96253 can be induced with multiple inducers that include urea, cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). When induced with Co/urea, cells of R. rhodochrous DAP 96253 expressed the highest level of nitrile hydratase activity (~200 units/min·mg-cdw) when compared with the other inducers tested. Cells induced with Co had the second highest nitrile hydratase activity (~7 units/min·mg-cdw), whereas in the uninduced cells, nitrile hydratase activity was lower than 1 unit/min·mg-cdw. Similarly in R. rhodochrous DAP 96622, when induced with Co/urea, the nitrile hydratase activity of R. rhodochrous DAP 96622 cells was around 50 units/min·mg-cdw which was the highest of all inducers tested. When induced with Co only, the nitrile hydratase activity of R. rhodochrous DAP 96622 was around 20 units/min·mg-cdw, and the nitrile hydratase activity of R. rhodochrous DAP 96622 uninduced was the same as the nitrile hydratase activity of uninduced R. rhodochrous DAP 96253. When Co/urea induced R. rhodochrous DAP 96253 cell lysate was examined on gradient SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Image Quant TL, the nitrile hydratase bands (both α and β subunits) accounted for more than 55% of the total cytosolic proteins. Whereas in Co/urea induced R. rhodochrous DAP 96622, the nitrile hydratase bands accounted for around 25% of the total cytosolic proteins. According to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry results, amidase in R. rhodochrous DAP 96253 was approximately 38 kDa from the nitrilase/cyanide hydratase family and amidase in R. rhodochrous DAP 96622 was 55 kDa from the amidase signature family. In addition, the nitrile hydratase regulation system in both R. rhodochrous DAP 96253 and DAP 96622 strains are different. Moreover, the nitrile hydratase regulation system in R. rhodochrous DAP 96253 is different from R. rhodochrous J1. Purified nitrile hydratase from R. rhodochrous DAP 96253 may form a protein complex with glutamine synthetase, resulting in a nitrile hydratase activity of approximately 1500 units/mg-proteins, and nitrile hydratase from R. rhodochrous DAP 96622 is not a protein complex and results in a nitrile hydratase activity of 950 units/mg-proteins.

Rhodococcus equi causes severe pneumonia, resulting in disease and sometimes death of foals. Infection is thought to occur by inhalation of dust contaminated with virulent R equi. A recent study of 3 horse breeding farms in Ireland found airborne concentrations of virulent R equi to be significantly higher in stables than in paddocks. More importantly, another study from Australia established an association of airborne concentrations of virulent R equi with the prevalence of R equi pneumonia at 28 farms. The extent to which these associations extend to other farms in different parts of the world is not known. Two farms in central Kentucky with recurrent R equi pneumonia in foals were studied from February through July 2008. Air samples were collected and environmental factors were measured hourly for a 24-hour period each month from stalls and paddocks used to house mares and their foals at each farm. In 2009, samples were collected from 47 foals from stalls at a single horse-breeding farm in central Kentucky on days 1-2, days 7-9, and days 14-16 of life. Concentrations of airborne virulent R equi were determined via a modified colony immunoblot technique. Airborne concentrations of virulent R equi were significantly higher (P = 0.016) from 6:00 A.M. through 11:59 P.M. than for the period from midnight through 5:59 A.M. Presence of the mare and foal at the time of sampling was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with increased airborne concentrations of virulent R equi in stalls. The presence of virulent R equi in stalls was significantly (P = 0.045) more likely at 7 days of age for foals subsequently found to be affected by rhodococcal pneumonia. These findings suggest that recovery of airborne virulent R equi is less likely between 12:00 A.M. and 5:59 A.M., relative to other times, that airborne concentrations of virulent R equi are significantly increased when horses are present at the site for collection of air samples, and that environments containing airborne virulent R equi during the first week of life may influence the risk of subsequent disease for a foal.

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 1999.

Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2002.

Tierärztliche Hochsch., Diss., 2005--Hannover.

Tierärztliche Hochsch., Diss., 2005--Hannover.

Rhodococcus equi é uma importante causa de broncopneumonia em potros com menos de 6 meses de idade, sendo responsável por 3% das mortes de eqüinos no mundo. É um microrganismo intracelular capaz de sobreviver e multiplicar no interior de macrófagos. Apresenta 3 níveis de virulência de acordo com os diferentes antígenos expressos em sua superfície. Cepas virulentas apresentam um plasmídeo que codifica para a proteína de superfície VapA e são isoladas principalmente de potros com pneumonia e de alguns pacientes humanos. Cepas com virulência intermediária expressam a proteína VapB e predominam em suínos e humanos com AIDS. Cepas avirulentas não expressam antígeno de superfície e são encontradas principalmente no ambiente e em pacientes humanos. Um dos fatores responsáveis pela ampla distribuição da enfermidade em potros, é a imaturidade do sistema imunológico dos animais acometidos pela infecção, que pode tornar-se endêmica em alguns criatórios. Para humanos, as formas de infecção são ainda desconhecidas, mas o contato com eqüinos é relatado em um terço das infecções. Devido à importância clínica da doença, são necessários métodos diagnósticos que promovam sua identificação precoce, facilitando e aumentando as chances de sucesso com o tratamento. Os métodos mais utilizados atualmente são o cultivo microbiológico da bactéria, testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos no soro dos animais e técnicas de PCR que detectam a região 16S do rDNA e o fragmento do gene vapA do microrganismo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar uma técnica de PCR multiplex para detectar simultaneamente os fragmentos dos genes vapA e 16S do rDNA, e gerar um método rápido, específico e sensível para o diagnóstico e caracterização molecular de cepas de R. equi provenientes de eqüinos e seus ambientes. Foram utilizados 118 isolados, sendo 74 amostras de fezes de eqüinos (41 de adultos e 33 de potros), 21 do solo, 10 das instalações utilizando swabs e 3 de outros animais domésticos. Isolados clínicos (10) foram cultivados do pulmão de potros com pneumonia causada por R. equi. Todas as cepas testadas foram confirmadas pela amplificação do gene 16S rDNA, sendo que 16 destes (10 de x potros doentes e 6 de seus ambientes) também foram positivos na amplificação do gene vapA. Quatro dos isolados ambientais que mostraram amplificação do gene vapA foram de haras endêmicos para a doença. A análise desses dados mostra o grande potencial da técnica de PCR multiplex para caracterização molecular de isolados de R. equi. / Rhodococcus equi is an important cause of pyogranulomatous pneumonia in 1-6- month-old foals, being responsible by 3% horse death around the world. It is an intracellular microorganism able to survive and to multiply itself in the macrophages. Three virulence levels have been identified in R. equi, by the presence of virulence associated antigens on the bacteria surface. Virulent strains have a plasmid encoding VapA protein and are isolated from diseased foals and some human patients. Intermediate virulent strains show VapB protein and are commonly founded in swines and humans with AIDS isolates. Avirulent strains don’t show virulence antigens and are founded in environmental samples and human. The immature immune system is the major cause of the susceptibility of foals for the R.equi pneumonia. To humans, the infection routes are unknown yet, but the contact with horses is related with one third of human infections. Due the clinical importance of the disease, diagnostics methods for early identification in animals are necessary, increasing the chances for treatment. The more common diagnostic methods are microbiologic culture, serologic tests and PCR techniques for 16S rDNA and vapA detection. The mainly purpose of this study was apply a multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and characterization of 16S rDNA and vapA gene fragments in R. equi. Were analyzed 118 R. equi isolates, being 74 eqüine fecal isolates (41 from horses and 33 from foals), 21 from soil, 10 from breed stuffs and 3 from other domestic animals. Ten clinical isolates were cultured from lungs of diseased foals. All 118 isolates characterized as R. equi, were confirmed by 16S rDNA, being 16 isolates positive to vapA gene PCR amplification (10 from diseased foals and six from horse environment). Four environment R. equi isolates positive to both 16S rDNA e vapA gene amplification was from an endemic horse breeding farm. The results show the great potential of multiplex PCR to molecular characterization of R. equi isolates.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000768326.pdf: 417220 bytes, checksum: f010ef190b0548a2bbadaa27034a0255 (MD5) / O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella sp., Coronavírus e Rotavírus nas fezes de Passeriformes e Psitaciformes pertencentes à fauna nacional, de 29 diferentes espécies, sem sinais entéricos. Foram investigados também marcadores de virulência nas linhagens de E. coli (cnf1, hly, papC, papGI, papGII, papGIII, fimH, afa, sfa, iucD, usp, vt1, vt2, eae, k88) e R. equi (genes vapA e vapB). As aves utilizadas no estudo foram provenientes do Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (CEMPAS) FMVZ - UNESP/ Botucatu, SP, do Parque Zoológico Municipal “Quinzinho de Barros” (PZMQB) de Sorocaba, SP e de criadores particulares com aves registradas no Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA) da região de Botucatu, SP. Do total de 152 amostras avaliadas foram isoladas 46 (30,26%) linhagens de E. coli das quais 37 (80%) foram provenientes de amostras de Psitaciformes e 9 (20%) de Passeriformes. Houve diferença significante (p<0,05) entre os grupos para o maior isolamento de E. coli nos Psitaciformes. Dentre os marcadores de virulência de E. coli foram detectados os genes fim H (58,69%) e eae (4,34%). Foram isoladas 2 (1,32%) linhagens de R. equi, todas de Psitaciformes. Nestes isolados de R. equi não foram identificados os genes vapA e vapB associados à virulência. Foi encontrado material genético de Rotavírus bovino em três (1,97%) amostras de Psitaciformes. Salmonella sp. e Coronavírus não foram identificados nas aves amostradas. A presença de E. coli, R. equi e Rotavírus em amostras de fezes de aves silvestres, sem sinais entéricos, reforça o potencial destas espécies de servirem como reservatórios de patógenos de eliminação entérica para os humanos, devido à presença destes animais no ambiente domiciliar e peridomiciliar / The present study investigated the occurrence of Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella sp., Coronavirus and Rotavirus in the feces of Passeriformes and psittaciformes belonging to Brazilian wildlife, from 29 different species, without enteric signs. Virulence markers were also investigated in strains of E. coli (cnf1, hlyA, papC, papGI, papGII, papGIII, fimH, afa, sfa, iucD, usp, vt1, vt2, eae, k88) and R. equi (vapA and vapB genes). The birds used in the study came from the Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (CEMPAS) FMVZ - UNESP / Botucatu, SP, Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (PZMQB) Sorocaba, SP and private breeders with birds recorded in Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA) from Botucatu region, SP. Of the total 152 fecal samples evaluated were isolated 46 (30.26%) strains of E. coli. From these, 37 (80%) were from psittaciformes samples and 9 (20%) of Passeriformes. There was a statistical difference (p <0.05) between groups with greater isolation of E. coli in psittaciformes. Among the virulence markers of E. coli were detected the genes fimH (58,69%) and eae (4,34%). Were isolated 2 (1.32%) R. equi strains, all from psittaciformes. Among these R. equi isolates any vapA and vapB genes associated with virulence were founded. Genetic material of bovine Rotavirus was found in three (1.97%) psittaciformes samples. Salmonella sp. and Coronavírus weren’t identified in any of the sampled birds. The presence of E. coli, R. equi and Rotavirus in fecal samples of wild birds without enteric signs from Brazil wildlife, reinforces the potential of these birds as a reservoirs of pathogens of enteric elimination for humans, due to the presence of these animals in the domestic and peridomestic, environment of human

Rhodococcus equi é uma importante causa de broncopneumonia em potros com menos de 6 meses de idade, sendo responsável por 3% das mortes de eqüinos no mundo. É um microrganismo intracelular capaz de sobreviver e multiplicar no interior de macrófagos. Apresenta 3 níveis de virulência de acordo com os diferentes antígenos expressos em sua superfície. Cepas virulentas apresentam um plasmídeo que codifica para a proteína de superfície VapA e são isoladas principalmente de potros com pneumonia e de alguns pacientes humanos. Cepas com virulência intermediária expressam a proteína VapB e predominam em suínos e humanos com AIDS. Cepas avirulentas não expressam antígeno de superfície e são encontradas principalmente no ambiente e em pacientes humanos. Um dos fatores responsáveis pela ampla distribuição da enfermidade em potros, é a imaturidade do sistema imunológico dos animais acometidos pela infecção, que pode tornar-se endêmica em alguns criatórios. Para humanos, as formas de infecção são ainda desconhecidas, mas o contato com eqüinos é relatado em um terço das infecções. Devido à importância clínica da doença, são necessários métodos diagnósticos que promovam sua identificação precoce, facilitando e aumentando as chances de sucesso com o tratamento. Os métodos mais utilizados atualmente são o cultivo microbiológico da bactéria, testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos no soro dos animais e técnicas de PCR que detectam a região 16S do rDNA e o fragmento do gene vapA do microrganismo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar uma técnica de PCR multiplex para detectar simultaneamente os fragmentos dos genes vapA e 16S do rDNA, e gerar um método rápido, específico e sensível para o diagnóstico e caracterização molecular de cepas de R. equi provenientes de eqüinos e seus ambientes. Foram utilizados 118 isolados, sendo 74 amostras de fezes de eqüinos (41 de adultos e 33 de potros), 21 do solo, 10 das instalações utilizando swabs e 3 de outros animais domésticos. Isolados clínicos (10) foram cultivados do pulmão de potros com pneumonia causada por R. equi. Todas as cepas testadas foram confirmadas pela amplificação do gene 16S rDNA, sendo que 16 destes (10 de x potros doentes e 6 de seus ambientes) também foram positivos na amplificação do gene vapA. Quatro dos isolados ambientais que mostraram amplificação do gene vapA foram de haras endêmicos para a doença. A análise desses dados mostra o grande potencial da técnica de PCR multiplex para caracterização molecular de isolados de R. equi. / Rhodococcus equi is an important cause of pyogranulomatous pneumonia in 1-6- month-old foals, being responsible by 3% horse death around the world. It is an intracellular microorganism able to survive and to multiply itself in the macrophages. Three virulence levels have been identified in R. equi, by the presence of virulence associated antigens on the bacteria surface. Virulent strains have a plasmid encoding VapA protein and are isolated from diseased foals and some human patients. Intermediate virulent strains show VapB protein and are commonly founded in swines and humans with AIDS isolates. Avirulent strains don’t show virulence antigens and are founded in environmental samples and human. The immature immune system is the major cause of the susceptibility of foals for the R.equi pneumonia. To humans, the infection routes are unknown yet, but the contact with horses is related with one third of human infections. Due the clinical importance of the disease, diagnostics methods for early identification in animals are necessary, increasing the chances for treatment. The more common diagnostic methods are microbiologic culture, serologic tests and PCR techniques for 16S rDNA and vapA detection. The mainly purpose of this study was apply a multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and characterization of 16S rDNA and vapA gene fragments in R. equi. Were analyzed 118 R. equi isolates, being 74 eqüine fecal isolates (41 from horses and 33 from foals), 21 from soil, 10 from breed stuffs and 3 from other domestic animals. Ten clinical isolates were cultured from lungs of diseased foals. All 118 isolates characterized as R. equi, were confirmed by 16S rDNA, being 16 isolates positive to vapA gene PCR amplification (10 from diseased foals and six from horse environment). Four environment R. equi isolates positive to both 16S rDNA e vapA gene amplification was from an endemic horse breeding farm. The results show the great potential of multiplex PCR to molecular characterization of R. equi isolates.

The present study investigates Acanthamoeba-bacteria interaction and how this relation can influence human health aiming at the influence of bacteria on Acanthamoeba in terms of their isolation and diversity, and the effect of Acanthamoeba on bacteria focusing on two emerging human bacterial pathogens Arcobacter butzleri and Rhodococcus equi. To first objective was investigated by the test question “can the presence of a particular type of bacteria play role in the diversity of Acanthamoeba by masking and/or favouring certain genotypes of Acanthamoeba?” To answer this, two different bacteria the Gram+ve Enterococcus the Gram-ve Arcobacter were used as food source for isolation of Acanthamoeba from 102 soil samples while E. coli was used as control. It was found that the presence of different bacteria could affect the isolation of genotypes specially the subgroups and subtypes of Acanthamoeba as manifested by greater diversity of 18S rRNA sequences of Acanthamoeba isolated from environmental samples on Arcobacter (Arc) and Enterococcus (Ent) than those isolated on E. coli (Eco). The Eco isolates consisted of only T4 > T11=T13 compared to Ent isolates with T4 > T16 > T13/16 and the Arc isolates which comprised of T4 > T2 > T2/6 = T13 > T13/16. The T13/16 were the intermediate sequence types with no match to any T types. There were also considerable differences among the T4 subgroups; the Eco isolates consisted of T4-A > T4-B > T4-N > T4- E > T4-D > T4-C while Ent isolates comprised of T4-A > T4-C=T4-D=T4-E=T4-N > T4-B and the Arc isolates had only T4-E > T4-A > T4-B > T4-N. In both Eco and Ent isolates 11 subtypes were recovered with T4-36 being the most abundant, however, in Arc isolates eight subtypes were recovered with T4-12 as the most abundant. The non-Eco isolates were also different in their bacterial endosymiotic profile from Eco isolates with Arc isolates having the greatest proportion of bacterial endosymbionts (15.7%) as compared to 7.8% of Eco and 12.9% of Ent isolates. Together these results indicate a prominent role of prey bacteria on favouring certain genotypes and thus compelling consideration for use of different types of bacteria for isolation of Acanthamoeba to help surface the masked populations as well for more realistic prevalence that will help in better designing of prevention and control strategies. The influence of Acanthamoeba on bacteria was investigated for A. butzleri and R. equi both of which appeared to exploit the former as an environmental reservoir and for modulation of their pathogenic potential. A. butzleri which are closely related to Campylobacter, appeared to have a smooth interaction with Acanthamoeba. They were shown to be easily located through chemotaxis, readily attached and internalized using monosaccharide receptors and a complex phagocytic process, and could survive/proliferate in Acanthamoeba by defying the intra-vacuolar killing processes. Intracellular survival in Acanthamoeba did play a role in promoting the pathogenicity of these bacteria enabling them to survive more than three times longer. Co-culturing of the two organisms also seemed to benefit the bacteria but not Acanthamoeba. A. butzleri were found to be able to sense the environmental changes and thus modulate their virulence, a feature that together with selection pressure for intracellular survival in Acanthamoeba can cause rapid adaptation to intra-amoebal environment and enhance the pathogenic potential of these bacteria for humans and animals. Exploitation of Acanthamoeba for survival was also found to be exhibited by the Mycobacterium-resembling Gram+ve R. equi by utilizing similar strategies for survival/proliferation as used for macrophages, which involved the definite presence of virulence plasmid and its activation at higher temperatures. Moreover, similar genes (vapA, vapC and vapF) were found to play role in intracellular survival in both the macrophages and amoeba cells. The intra-amoebal survival/proliferation capabilities of A. butzleri and R. equi appear to support the notion that free living protists like Acanthamoeba act as environmental reservoirs/virulence trait selectors and are strong candidates for the “missing link” between the ecology and pathology of these emerging pathogenic pathogens. Overall, the observations made in this study explore the vital role of Acanthamoeba-bacteria interaction not only mutually on each other but as a consequence the impact on human health either as a result of masked genotypes in clinical diagnosis of Acanthamoeba or due to environmental reservoir role of Acanthamoeba in selecting virulence traits of bacteria, can pose serious challenges leaving ample opportunities for more emerging bacterial pathogens. These observations call for revising the protocols for Acanthamoeba prevalence, eradication and control strategies.