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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Caracterização de isolados clínicos e ambientais de Rhodococcus equi do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil utilizando a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase multiplex

Krewer, Cristina da Costa January 2006 (has links)
Rhodococcus equi é uma importante causa de broncopneumonia em potros com menos de 6 meses de idade, sendo responsável por 3% das mortes de eqüinos no mundo. É um microrganismo intracelular capaz de sobreviver e multiplicar no interior de macrófagos. Apresenta 3 níveis de virulência de acordo com os diferentes antígenos expressos em sua superfície. Cepas virulentas apresentam um plasmídeo que codifica para a proteína de superfície VapA e são isoladas principalmente de potros com pneumonia e de alguns pacientes humanos. Cepas com virulência intermediária expressam a proteína VapB e predominam em suínos e humanos com AIDS. Cepas avirulentas não expressam antígeno de superfície e são encontradas principalmente no ambiente e em pacientes humanos. Um dos fatores responsáveis pela ampla distribuição da enfermidade em potros, é a imaturidade do sistema imunológico dos animais acometidos pela infecção, que pode tornar-se endêmica em alguns criatórios. Para humanos, as formas de infecção são ainda desconhecidas, mas o contato com eqüinos é relatado em um terço das infecções. Devido à importância clínica da doença, são necessários métodos diagnósticos que promovam sua identificação precoce, facilitando e aumentando as chances de sucesso com o tratamento. Os métodos mais utilizados atualmente são o cultivo microbiológico da bactéria, testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos no soro dos animais e técnicas de PCR que detectam a região 16S do rDNA e o fragmento do gene vapA do microrganismo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar uma técnica de PCR multiplex para detectar simultaneamente os fragmentos dos genes vapA e 16S do rDNA, e gerar um método rápido, específico e sensível para o diagnóstico e caracterização molecular de cepas de R. equi provenientes de eqüinos e seus ambientes. Foram utilizados 118 isolados, sendo 74 amostras de fezes de eqüinos (41 de adultos e 33 de potros), 21 do solo, 10 das instalações utilizando swabs e 3 de outros animais domésticos. Isolados clínicos (10) foram cultivados do pulmão de potros com pneumonia causada por R. equi. Todas as cepas testadas foram confirmadas pela amplificação do gene 16S rDNA, sendo que 16 destes (10 de x potros doentes e 6 de seus ambientes) também foram positivos na amplificação do gene vapA. Quatro dos isolados ambientais que mostraram amplificação do gene vapA foram de haras endêmicos para a doença. A análise desses dados mostra o grande potencial da técnica de PCR multiplex para caracterização molecular de isolados de R. equi. / Rhodococcus equi is an important cause of pyogranulomatous pneumonia in 1-6- month-old foals, being responsible by 3% horse death around the world. It is an intracellular microorganism able to survive and to multiply itself in the macrophages. Three virulence levels have been identified in R. equi, by the presence of virulence associated antigens on the bacteria surface. Virulent strains have a plasmid encoding VapA protein and are isolated from diseased foals and some human patients. Intermediate virulent strains show VapB protein and are commonly founded in swines and humans with AIDS isolates. Avirulent strains don’t show virulence antigens and are founded in environmental samples and human. The immature immune system is the major cause of the susceptibility of foals for the R.equi pneumonia. To humans, the infection routes are unknown yet, but the contact with horses is related with one third of human infections. Due the clinical importance of the disease, diagnostics methods for early identification in animals are necessary, increasing the chances for treatment. The more common diagnostic methods are microbiologic culture, serologic tests and PCR techniques for 16S rDNA and vapA detection. The mainly purpose of this study was apply a multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and characterization of 16S rDNA and vapA gene fragments in R. equi. Were analyzed 118 R. equi isolates, being 74 eqüine fecal isolates (41 from horses and 33 from foals), 21 from soil, 10 from breed stuffs and 3 from other domestic animals. Ten clinical isolates were cultured from lungs of diseased foals. All 118 isolates characterized as R. equi, were confirmed by 16S rDNA, being 16 isolates positive to vapA gene PCR amplification (10 from diseased foals and six from horse environment). Four environment R. equi isolates positive to both 16S rDNA e vapA gene amplification was from an endemic horse breeding farm. The results show the great potential of multiplex PCR to molecular characterization of R. equi isolates.
42

A possible lux R solo type regulator of an antibiotic-like compound from the soil bacterium Rhodococcus

Sellick, Katelyn, Lampson, Bert 12 April 2019 (has links)
Rhodococcus, a species of bacteria commonly found in the soil, is a under-explored producer of small bioactive compounds including siderophores, pigments and antibiotics.. MTM3W5.2 is a strain of Rhodococcus that was previously discovered to produce an antibiotic-like compound that has inhibitory effects on other Rhodococcus strains, including the veterinary pathogen, R. equi. The biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for production of the antibiotic has been identified, and a small gene, BTZ20_3964 at the start of the operon is believed to be the regulator of the gene cluster. To test this, a deletion construct was created using an overlap-extension PCR method to remove most of gene 3964. The deletion construct was cloned into the plasmid pEX18Km, along with a kanamycin resistance marker. The deletion construct, pEX18Km3964AD was transformed into competent MTM3W5.2 cells for a double crossover recombination event to replace the functional gene with the deletion construct, using the KanR gene to select for the merodiploids, and the SacB gene to select for the deletion mutants after the second recombination event. The deletion mutant’s ability to produce the inhibitory compound will be determined. Production of the compound will be restored by complementing the deletion mutant with the functional gene cloned into the expression plasmid pDD57.
43

Aerosol delivery of Rhodoccocus equi IgG to the lungs of ponies

Foley, Alicia Kate 09 August 2013 (has links)
The objective of this study was to determine if R. equi IgG purified from commmercially available hyperimmune R. equi plasma and delivered to the lungs of adult ponies would cause a local inflammatory response and if increases in total and R. equi specific IgG occurred post administration. IgG was purified and concentrated from plasma via protein G affinity chromatography. A cross over study was performed. Eight healthy adult ponies were randomly assigned to two groups of four; each pony acted as its own control. Either the IgG product or 0.9% Saline was delivered via a vibrating mesh nebulizer during the first treatment phase. During the second treatment phase ponies recieved the oppostie treatment. A 4 week washout period was allowed between phases. Bronchoalveolar fluid was recovered using a low volume endoscopic technique prior to aerosolization (time 0), and at 1 hr, 6 hrs, and 24 hours post administration. The BAL fluid total IgG concentration and R. equi specific IgG titers were determined via ELISA and cytologic analysis was performed. No clinically significant local inflammatory response was identified in response to IgG treatment. While total IgG concentrations were increased at T1 compared to T0, no significant effects of time were found (P=0.19). However, overall significantly higher concentrations of total IgG were found after administration of saline when compared to IgG administration (P=0.023).  While the R. equi specific titer increased at T1 after IgG administration, no significant difference was identified between treatment or time (P=0.261). Overall the individual response to IgG was variable. It is possible that the protein rich IgG acted as a relatively hypertonic solution and caused fluid influx from the pulmonary parenchyma after treatment thereby diluting the total IgG present when compared to saline administration. This conclusion cannot be verified as BAL dilution correction was not performed. However, it is unknown what titer or level of increased IgG is nessecary to assist with prevention of disease. Future research should focus on the effect of R. equi specific IgG on pulmonary cells to determine if administration of local R. equi specific IgG would alter intrapulmonary immune responses to R. equi. / Master of Science
44

Lipid Accumulation by Rhodococcus Rhodochrous

Shields-Menard, Sara Ashley 07 May 2016 (has links)
Oleaginous microbes can accumulate over 20% of their cell dry weight as lipids that are stored as intracellular energy reserves. The characterization of other oleaginous bacteria creates opportunities for the development of alternative feedstocks and technologies. Rhodococcus rhodochrous is a gram-positive bacterium known for its biodegradation capabilities, but little is known about its ability to accumulate lipids. As R. rhodochrous is capable of degrading hydrocarbon gasses and other aromatics, this study aims to investigate any associated lipid production during the conversion of waste and nontraditional carbon sources, such as model lignocellulosic inhibitors. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant and renewable organic material in the world and is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which can be pretreated to release sugars from the complex, and often recalcitrant, lignin polymer for microbial fermentation. R. rhodochrous was cultivated with various carbon sources, including glucose, xylose, acetic acid, furfural, phenol, vanillic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, and propane. The results suggest that R. rhodochrous can survive in the presence of these compounds, achieving almost 7g/L cell dry weight after 168 hours and still accumulate up to 40-50% of cell dry weight as lipid in glucose supplemented media. Furthermore, the aromatic compounds are undetected after 48 hours indicating that R. rhodochrous was able to tolerate these compounds and accumulate lipids. Fatty acid methyl ester profiles show a prevalence of palmitic and oleic methyl esters. Overall, these studies are contributing to a better understanding and characterization of another oleaginous Rhodococcus species, Rhodococcus rhodochrous.
45

Iron Acquisition in <em>Rhodococcus erythrolpolis</em>: the Isolation of Mutant(s) that Do Not Produce a Siderophore.

Vellore, Jaishree M 01 December 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Rhodococcus, a soil bacterium, displays a diverse range of metabolic capabilities with a number of potential practical applications. To exploit the metabolic potential of Rhodococcus, their basic physiology, genetics, and especially the acquisition of essential nutrients like iron, must be understood. R. erythropolis strain IGTS8 releases a small compound called a siderophore, that scavenges ferric iron from the environment. To learn more about the genetic control of iron acquisition, mutant(s) defective in siderophore production were isolated. Mutants were generated, by inserting a mutagenic plasmid, pJCS506, into the bacterial cell using electroporation. The plasmid, which cannot replicate in these bacterial cells, randomly inserts into the R. erythropolis genome producing mutations. The potential mutants were detected by screening on a chrome azurol S plate, which detects siderophore production. Colonies that failed to produce siderophore were tested by liquid assays. The strain N5-59 was confirmed as a non-siderophore producing mutant by liquid assays.
46

[pt] FLOTAÇÃO DE HEMATITA USANDO UM SISTEMA MISTURADO DE BIOREAGENTES EXTRAÍDOS DE RHODOCOCCUS OPACUS AND RHODOCOCCUS ERYTHROPOLIS / [en] HEMATITE FLOTATION USING MIXED BIOREAGENT SYSTEMS EXTRACTED FROM RHODOCOCCUS OPACUS AND RHOCOCOCCUS ERYTHROPOLIS

EDITH PRISCILA PORTILLO MIRANDA 14 June 2023 (has links)
[pt] A interação entre bioreagentes e minerais vem sendo estudada por muitos anos. Os biossurfactantes de bactérias Rhodococcus opacus e Rhodococcus erythropolis podem se comportar como coletores e espumantes na flotação mineral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a interação de diferentes porcentagens de misturas de Rhodococcus opacus e Rhodococcus erythropolis para recuperação de hematita de um rejeito minério de ferro de baixo teor, com o quartzo como principal mineral de ganga. A interação dos dois biossurfactantes foi investigada usando diferentes técnicas como a tensão superficial, o potencial zeta, o ângulo de contato (Ɵc) e a espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para entender o comportamento nas diferentes interfaces. As análises de tensão superficial de cada biossurfactante em contato com a água atingiram o menor valor de 32.35 mN.m-1. (Rhodococcus opacus) e 31.41 mN.m-1. (Rhodococcus erythropolis) em meio ácido pH 3. As medições experimentais do potencial zeta revelaram a interação de ambos biossurfactantes nas superfícies da hematita e do quartzo. O ponto isoelétrico (IEP) da hematita foi próximo ao pH 3.40 e o ponto de reversão de carga depois de interagir com os biossurfactates Rhodococcus opacus e Rhodococcus erythropolis foi alcançado em pH 2.20 e pH 3.30. O IEP do quartzo ficou em torno de pH 2.12 e o potencial zeta diminuiu quando os dois biossurfactantes foram adicionados, não sendo possível obter o deslocamento do IEP após a interação com eles. O FTIR confirmou a afinidade da superfície da hematita com os dois biossurfactantes, ocorre o contrário no caso do quartzo, já que houve uma fraca adsorção na superfície. Finalmente o Ɵc da hematita (40°) após a interação por separado com biosurfactante do R. opacus mudou para 64° e com o biosurfactante R. erythropolis variou para 87°, estas mudanças mostraram uma boa hidrofobização da hematita. Os resultados dos testes de microflotação na célula modificada de Partridge-Smith revelaram que o aumento da proporção percentual de Rhodococcus erythropolis levou a um aumento na recuperação metalurgia de 48.07% e um teor de concentrado de ferro de 24.35%. / [en] The interaction between different bioreagents and minerals has been studied for many years. Rhodococcus opacus and Rhodococcus erythropolis biosurfactants can behave as collectors and frothers in mineral flotation. This work aims to evaluate the interaction between them mixed in different percentages for recovering hematite from an iron ore tailing composed of low grade of hematite and quartz as gangue. The interaction of these two biosurfactants was investigated using different techniques such surface tension, zeta potential, contact angle (Ɵc), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to understand the behaviour at the different interfaces. The surface tension analyses of each biosurfactant in contact with water reached the lowest value in 32.35 mN.m-1 (Rhodococcus opacus) and 31.41 mN.m-1 (Rhodococcus erythropolis) at acidic conditions pH 3. The experimental zeta potential measurements revealed the positive interaction of both biosurfactants on the hematite surface. The isoelectric point (IEP) of hematite was near pH 3.40 and the charge reversal point of Rhodococcus opacus and Rhodococcus erythropolis was achieved in pH 2.20 and pH 3.30 respectively. The IEP of quartz was around pH 2.12 and the zeta potential decreased when both biosurfactants were added, it was not possible to get the displacement of the IEP after interaction with them. The FTIR analyses confirmed the affinity of hematite surface with both biosurfactants, the opposite happens in the case of quartz, there was weak adsorption on the surface. Finally, the Ɵc of hematite 40 ° after interaction with R. opacus biosurfactant increased to 64° and with R. erythropolis biosurfactant amplified to 87°. This changes indicate a good hydrophobization of hemtatite. The results of microflotation tests in the Partridge-Smith modified cell revealed that a huge percent proportion of R. erythropolis led to an increase in the metallurgic recovery of about 48.07% and 24.35 % of iron concentrate.
47

Biotecnologia aplicada ao tratamento de drenagem ácida de mina. / Biotechnology applied to acid mine drainage treatment.

Silvas, Flávia Paulucci Cianga 28 September 2010 (has links)
Proveniente das atividades de mineração, a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM) é uma solução aquosa caracterizada por valores de pH menores que 3 e diversidade de metais dissolvidos com concentrações que variam de 100 a 300mg.L-1, representa riscos ambientais, em especial, impactos hídricos, em conseqüência da solubilização e mobilização de metais pesados. A pesquisa por novos processos de tratamento de efluentes contaminados com metais tem focado sua atenção na capacidade que certos materiais biológicos têm de fixar íons metálicos. A biossorção é um processo vantajoso quando comparado aos tratamentos convencionais porque não requer custos de investimento e operação, é um processo rápido e pode ser seletivo, além disso, o metal pode ser recuperado e o biossorvente reutilizado. Rhodococcus opacus é uma bactéria, gram-positiva, não patogênica, de fácil aquisição que apresenta em sua parede celular compostos que lhe conferem hidrofobicidade, características que tornam esta espécie microbiana um potencial agente de sorção. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a capacidade do Rhodococcus opacus como biossorvente destinado ao tratamento da drenagem ácida de minas proveniente da mineração de carvão. As características da superfície do microrganismo e os possíveis mecanismos de interação envolvidos na sorção dos metais pelo Rhodococcus opacus foram avaliados através da medida de potencial zeta, análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho e análise de imagens obtidas no icroscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). A porcentagem de metais presentes na composição das células de Rhodococcus opacus foi obtida através do ensaio de erda ao fogo e é de aproximadamente 1,8%. O equilíbrio do processo biossortivo em sistema multimetálico foi atingido em cerca de 1minuto, captando 48,2mg.g-¹ o que correspondo a aproximadamente 11,7% de remoção. O PIE da Rhodococcus opacus ocorreu em pH próximo a 2,6. / Originating from mining and mineral industry activities, the acid mine drainage (AMD) is an aqueous solution with pH lower than 3 and diversity of dissolved metals, with concentrations about 100 to 300mg.L-1, leads to serious environmental problems, specially on acquatic ecosystems, due to the solubilization of heavy metals. The search for new technologies on the treatment of effluents contaminated with metals is focused on some biological materials capacity of binding metallic ions. Treatment by biosorption is worthwhile when compared with conventional processes because it does not require high investiments, it is faster, metals can be recovered and biosorbent can be regenerated. Rhodococcus opacus is a gram-positive, nonpathogenic bacteria, that is easily obtained. Its hydrophobicity is due to compounds present in its surface. Such characteristics turn these microorganisms into a potential sorption agent. This paper aims to evaluate the Rhodococcus opacus capacity as a biosorbent in AMD treatment by batch experiments. The characteristics of the microorganism surface and the involved interaction mechanisms in the heavy metals sorption by Rhodococcus opacus, was evaluated based in the potential zeta measurements, infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy scanning analysis. The metals percentage present in the composition of Rhodococcus opacus cells was obtained by loss on ignation technique, and was approximately 1.8%. The equilibrium of biosorptive process in the multi-metallic system was achieved at about 1 minute, uptake 48.2mg.g-1 corresponding to approximately 11.7% of removal. The Rhodococcus opacus IEP occurred at pH around 2.6.
48

Avaliação de uma nova estratégia vacinal para a prevenção da Rodococose equina / Evaluation of a new vaccine strategy for the prevention of equine rhodococosis

Trevisani, Marcel Montels 24 February 2011 (has links)
Infecções pulmonares de potros jovens por Rhodococcus equi resultam em grave pneumonia levando à morte um grande número de animais todos os anos. Até o momento não há nenhuma vacina aceita globalmente para a prevenção da rodococose equina. O único tratamento preconizado é baseado em antibioticoterapia, porém os protocolos clínicos são longos, de alto custo, com efeitos colaterais e tem favorecido a seleção de cepas resistentes aos antibióticos. Diversas estratégias no desenvolvimento de uma vacina segura e eficiente contra a rodococose foram propostas, porém, não induziram um efeito protetor considerável. O principal fator de virulência do R. equi descrito e amplamente estudado é a proteína vapA, no entanto, outras proteínas localizadas na ilha de patogenicidade estão presentes em amostras de R. equi virulento extraídos de animais infectados. Trabalhos recentes têm demonstrado a presença do gene vapG em todas as cepas virulentas e este gene é altamente expresso quando a bactéria reside no interior de macrófagos, tornando-o um possível alvo vacinal. Nosso grupo já possui experiência prévia no uso de linhagem de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium atenuada carreando a proteína vapA. Baseado nos resultados positivos obtidos, foi construída uma linhagem atenuada de S. enterica Typhimurium 3987 expressando a proteína vapG. A administração desta linhagem em camundongos foi capaz de induzir proteção contra R. equi virulento. Os resultados observados foram a colonização e persistência da Salmonella nos órgãos alvo, a redução da carga bacteriana de R. equi, e a indução de um perfil imune protetor semelhante ao observado em animais adultos resistentes. Observou-se o aumento da produção de IL-12p70 e IFN-, alem da presença de níveis aumentados de IL-4 e a redução dos níveis de TNF-. Observou-se também o aumento na subpopulação de células T auxiliares (CD4+) com perfil de memória, além de aumento na população de linfócitos B totais quando comparado aos grupos controles. Este conjunto de resultados indica que a imunização com Salmonella enterica Typhimurium expressando a proteína vapG gera uma resposta imune celular eficiente tornando esta linhagem uma possível candidata a vetor vacinal. Alem disso, sugere que outros antígenos do R. equi podem ser / Pulmonary infections in young foals by Rhodococcus equi result in severe pneumonia, leading to death a large number of animals every year. There is no globally accepted vaccine for the prevention of equine rhodococosis so far. To date, the only acceptable treatment is based on antibiotics, but the clinical protocols are long lasting, expensive, having side effects and favoring the emergence of drug resistant strains. Several strategies for developing a safe and effective vaccine against rhodococosis have been proposed, however, none has induced a significant protective effect. The main virulence factor of R. equi described and extensively studied is the protein vapA, although other proteins encoded by genes in pathogenicity islands are detected in samples of virulent R. equi, isolated from infected animals. Recent works have demonstrated that the vapG gene is present in all virulent strains, and that this gene is highly expressed when bacteria reside within macrophages, making it a potential vaccine target. Our group has already been working with an attenuated Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain expressing the VapA protein. Even though our results were very promising, we decided to construct a second vaccine strain expressing the VapG protein. Based on the positive results, it was constructed an attenuated strain of S. enterica Typhimurium 3987 expressing the vapG protein. Interestingly, the VapG-expressing strain induced protection against virulent R. equi in mouse model of infection. We could observe colonization and persistence of Salmonella vaccine cells in target organs, with reduction of bacterial loads of R. equi and induction of a protective immune profile similar to that seen in resistant adult animals. We could also observe increased production of IL-12p70 and IFN- in addition to the presence of increased levels of IL-4 and reduced levels of TNF-. Moreover, we detected an increase in the subpopulation of T helper cells (CD4), with a profile of memory, as well as in the population of B lymphocytes, when compared to control groups. This set of results shows that immunization with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium expressing the VapG protein raises an efficient cellular immune response, making this strain a potential candidate for vaccine vector. Furthermore, this work suggests that other R. equi antigens may be taken into account for vaccine construction, besides the VapA protein utilized in the majority of studies.
49

Vacinação de potros com linhagem atenuada de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium carreando o gene vapA de Rhodococcus equi: avaliação clínica e imunitária / Immunization of foals with attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium carring vapA gene of Rhodococcus equi: clinical and immunological evaluation

Porto, Ana Carolina Rusca Corrêa 08 October 2010 (has links)
A infecção por Rhodococcus equi é a causa mais comum de pneumonia em potros durante os primeiros 6 meses de idade e as medidas utilizadas no controle da infecção são freqüentemente ineficientes. Os protocolos de tratamento são longos, de alto custo e nem sempre eficazes. A prevenção da rodococose através da imunização de potros com vacina eficaz e segura tem sido um desafio. Estudos recentes se baseiam na utilização da proteína A associada a virulência (VapA), que tem sido descrita como importante indutora da imunidade contra R. equi. Este estudo avaliou a resposta clínica e imunitária desenvolvida por potros imunizados com cepa atenuada de S. enterica Typhimurium capaz de expressar o antígeno VapA (grupo teste) ou apenas S. enterica Typhimurium sem o gene vapA (grupo controle), antes e após o desafio experimental. Duas etapas experimentais foram estabelecidas de acordo com a via de imunização: intranasal ou oral em até 12 horas após o nascimento e aos 14 dias de idade. Os animais do grupo teste e do grupo controle foram desafiados experimentalmente com cepa virulenta de R. equi 28 dias após o nascimento. Para acompanhar o desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos, foram realizados exames clínicos, hemogramas e exames complementares de imagem. O padrão de resposta imune desenvolvida foi avaliada através da dosagem de munoglobulinas, mensuração da expressão de citocinas, ensaio de proliferação de linfócitos, isolamento de R. equi e perfil citológico do LTB. As manifestações clínicas foram observadas de maneira menos intensa nos animais do grupo teste da segunda etapa experimental e óbitos decorrentes da rodococose ocorreram apenas nos animais do grupo controle (2/3). Os animais do grupo teste apresentaram uma resposta de IgGb mais intensa quando comparada aos animais do grupo controle, porém não foi observado diferença estatística. A linfoproliferação e a expressão de citocinas de padrão Th1 foram superiores nos animais do grupo teste. Em contraste, os animais do grupo controle apresentaram uma resposta caracterizada pela maior expressão da citocina IL-4. A produção de IgA local foi mais significativa nos animais imunizados com Salmonella carreando vapA. Não foram observados efeitos tóxicos graves resultantes da imunização em nenhuma das etapas experimentais. A vacinação de potros neonatos com S. enterica Typhimurium expressando VapA foi considerada segura, capaz de modular eficientemente a resposta imune e aparentemente capaz de proteger contra a infecção experimental com R. equi. / Rhodoccocus equi is the major cause of pneumonia in foals during the first six months and control measures are frequently ineffective. Treatment protocols are long, expensive and do not always produce good results. Rhodococcosis prevention through immunization of foals using a safe and efficient vaccine is still a challenge. Recent studies are based on the use of the virulence associated protein A (vapA) which has been described as an important inducer of immunity against R. equi. The present study evaluated the clinical and immune response of foals vaccinated with an attenuated strain of S. enterica Typhimurium expressing VapA antigen (test group) or S. enterica Typhimurium without the vapA gene (control group), previous to and following experimental challenge. Two experimental phases were established according to the immunization route: intranasal or oral vaccination up to 12 hrs following birth and at 14 days of age. The experimental and control groups were challenge on day 28 with a virulent stain of R. equi. Clinical examination, complete hemograms and image complementary exams were used to evaluate the development of clinical signs. Immune response patterns were evaluated though immunoglobulin dosage, cytokine expression, lymphocyte proliferation essays, isolation of R. equi and cytological profiles of TBW. Clinical manifestation was less intense in the test group during the second experimental phase, and death occurred only in the control group (2/3) and was due to R. equi pneumonia. The test group produced a more intense IgGb response when compared to controls however no statistical difference was observed. Lymphoproliferation and Th1 cytokine expression were higher in the test group. In contrast, controls produced an IL-4 response. Local IgA was significantly higher in animals immunized with Salmonella carrying vapA. Immunization protocols produced no severe toxic effect. The vaccination of neonatal foals with S. enterica Typhimurium expressing VapA was considered safe, produced efficient modulation of the immune response and is apparently able to protect against experimental R.equi infection.
50

Biotecnologia aplicada ao tratamento de drenagem ácida de mina. / Biotechnology applied to acid mine drainage treatment.

Flávia Paulucci Cianga Silvas 28 September 2010 (has links)
Proveniente das atividades de mineração, a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM) é uma solução aquosa caracterizada por valores de pH menores que 3 e diversidade de metais dissolvidos com concentrações que variam de 100 a 300mg.L-1, representa riscos ambientais, em especial, impactos hídricos, em conseqüência da solubilização e mobilização de metais pesados. A pesquisa por novos processos de tratamento de efluentes contaminados com metais tem focado sua atenção na capacidade que certos materiais biológicos têm de fixar íons metálicos. A biossorção é um processo vantajoso quando comparado aos tratamentos convencionais porque não requer custos de investimento e operação, é um processo rápido e pode ser seletivo, além disso, o metal pode ser recuperado e o biossorvente reutilizado. Rhodococcus opacus é uma bactéria, gram-positiva, não patogênica, de fácil aquisição que apresenta em sua parede celular compostos que lhe conferem hidrofobicidade, características que tornam esta espécie microbiana um potencial agente de sorção. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a capacidade do Rhodococcus opacus como biossorvente destinado ao tratamento da drenagem ácida de minas proveniente da mineração de carvão. As características da superfície do microrganismo e os possíveis mecanismos de interação envolvidos na sorção dos metais pelo Rhodococcus opacus foram avaliados através da medida de potencial zeta, análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho e análise de imagens obtidas no icroscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). A porcentagem de metais presentes na composição das células de Rhodococcus opacus foi obtida através do ensaio de erda ao fogo e é de aproximadamente 1,8%. O equilíbrio do processo biossortivo em sistema multimetálico foi atingido em cerca de 1minuto, captando 48,2mg.g-¹ o que correspondo a aproximadamente 11,7% de remoção. O PIE da Rhodococcus opacus ocorreu em pH próximo a 2,6. / Originating from mining and mineral industry activities, the acid mine drainage (AMD) is an aqueous solution with pH lower than 3 and diversity of dissolved metals, with concentrations about 100 to 300mg.L-1, leads to serious environmental problems, specially on acquatic ecosystems, due to the solubilization of heavy metals. The search for new technologies on the treatment of effluents contaminated with metals is focused on some biological materials capacity of binding metallic ions. Treatment by biosorption is worthwhile when compared with conventional processes because it does not require high investiments, it is faster, metals can be recovered and biosorbent can be regenerated. Rhodococcus opacus is a gram-positive, nonpathogenic bacteria, that is easily obtained. Its hydrophobicity is due to compounds present in its surface. Such characteristics turn these microorganisms into a potential sorption agent. This paper aims to evaluate the Rhodococcus opacus capacity as a biosorbent in AMD treatment by batch experiments. The characteristics of the microorganism surface and the involved interaction mechanisms in the heavy metals sorption by Rhodococcus opacus, was evaluated based in the potential zeta measurements, infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy scanning analysis. The metals percentage present in the composition of Rhodococcus opacus cells was obtained by loss on ignation technique, and was approximately 1.8%. The equilibrium of biosorptive process in the multi-metallic system was achieved at about 1 minute, uptake 48.2mg.g-1 corresponding to approximately 11.7% of removal. The Rhodococcus opacus IEP occurred at pH around 2.6.

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