This thesis presents an ethical model to guide the nurse in the application of moral standards or principles in the clinical and community setting. The study is concerned with looking at ethics primarily in terms of patients'/events' rights, not ethics in general. The contribution of contemporary nurse theorists and philosophers in the international arena are considered to see how their contributions relate to the present and future developments and trends in the field of nursing, and how they may be translated into action in the daily care of patients/clients in the clinical and community setting. The research methods include an historical review of local, national and international nurse educational, philosophical and ethical literature. The central theme investigates the caring roles of nurses and the commitment to patient/client care which are the basis of the ethical perspective of nursing. The ethical principles inherent in the nursing discipline, such as patients'/clients' rights and autonomy are examined, to see how these principles may be applied at the bedside and in the community. Validation criteria are adapted and this validation tool, together with the ethical constructs/components, are used as a framework to ensure that an ethical perspective is included and utilised in all nursing models. As ethics is concerned with human conduct and relationships, the author concludes that an ethical model is vital and may be used with all models which guide nursing practice currently in use and in future developments. An Ethical Analysis Framework and Model has been developed by the author, to serve as a tool for the inclusion of ethical constructs/components in models which guide the practice of nursing in the clinical and community setting. It also aids in the application of ethical principles. The Ethical Analysis Model will hopefully contribute to the theoretical framework of curriculum development as curriculum is concerned with shaping attitudes towards knowledge and creating a forum for discussion and criticism. Ethical knowledge is part of that subject matter. Through deliberation and judgement the definition and solution of curriculum and ethical problems may be effected as curriculum development, like ethics, is concerned with what is, and what might be. An example is presented of how the Framework and Model can be used, and is strongly recommended for use with any model which guides the practice of nursing. The findings, their limitations and the relevant discussions and recommendations are highlighted, and areas for further research are identified.

203 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T17:31:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.UFBA1.pdf: 1055014 bytes, checksum: 3bd717d2b41fa61a4b13c3e424cb5290 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T17:34:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.UFBA1.pdf: 1055014 bytes, checksum: 3bd717d2b41fa61a4b13c3e424cb5290 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T17:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.UFBA1.pdf: 1055014 bytes, checksum: 3bd717d2b41fa61a4b13c3e424cb5290 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise da despedida arbitrária, assim entendida como a denúncia contratual vazia, agora enxergada como ato antijurídico, pois contrário ao modelo traçado pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Mesmos passados mais de vinte e quatro anos, o Estado-Legislador permanece inerte em relação ao seu dever de proteger o Direito Fundamental do trabalhador em face da despedida sem motivação e o Estado-Juiz, apesar da proteção estatal insuficiente, repete o modelo, por não interpretar a Constituição segundo a mais moderna hermenêutica, ignorando que os Direitos Fundamentais invadem as relações de emprego de forma direta e limitam a livre iniciativa. / Salvador

782 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T20:22:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARCELO BARRETO PIMENTA.pdf: 989794 bytes, checksum: 91fcc554cb84ce989e611b13c35afb5a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T20:22:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARCELO BARRETO PIMENTA.pdf: 989794 bytes, checksum: 91fcc554cb84ce989e611b13c35afb5a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T20:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARCELO BARRETO PIMENTA.pdf: 989794 bytes, checksum: 91fcc554cb84ce989e611b13c35afb5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A presente dissertação visa tratar da construção denominada reserva do possível e a possibilidade de sua superação no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, permeado que é pela força dirigente dos direitos fundamentais sociais. É sabido que a Constituição Federal de 1988, também chamada Carta Cidadã, em alusão à sua feição social, enquadrou uma série de direitos antes relegados à ordem social e econômica como autênticos direitos fundamentais: os chamados direitos fundamentais sociais, daí advindo uma série de consequências, como a aplicabilidade imediata de tais direitos, uma eficácia dirigente que obriga todos os poderes públicos a concretizá-los, uma eficácia irradiante, no sentido de se interpretar as demais normas jurídicas do ordenamento de acordo com os direitos fundamentais sociais, dentre outras, revelando, assim, que o Estado deixou sua posição de protetor das manifestações individuais, tornando-se o fomentador da igualdade. Acontece que, para isso, é preciso recursos, que, por sua vez, são finitos, ao contrário das necessidades, que são infinitas. Nessa senda, desponta o argumento da reserva do possível como a tábua de salvação da Administração Pública, que não titubeia em sustentar tal construção para tentar justificar sua omissão ou prestação deficiente no campo social. A construção alemã original da reserva do possível surgiu atrelada à razoabilidade e à proporcionalidade. Entretanto, aqui no Brasil, ela relegou tais valores para segundo plano, priorizando, em contrapartida, a questão dos custos dos direitos e da escassez de recursos, que passaram a ser vistos como praticamente insuperáveis. Essa nova roupagem deve-se à importação acrítica e desordenada de sua construção, bem como pela influência ideológica neoliberal. É preciso, portanto, contextualizar a reserva do possível no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, colocando lado a lado a escassez de recursos e a razoabilidade e proporcionalidade, visando, assim, cumprir a Constituição naquilo que ela tem como essência: a dignidade humana. Com efeito, a reserva do possível tem a natureza de restrição a direitos fundamentais, admitindo, entretanto, ser restringida, haja vista não haver direitos absolutos, como também restrições absolutas. Nesse sentido, e como consequência da teoria das restrições às restrições, surgem como possibilidades de superação da reserva do possível a proporcionalidade, a razoabilidade, a vedação do retrocesso e o mínimo existencial. O estudo de tais institutos permite enfrentar a reserva do possível, desvendando o falso mito de insuperabilidade por conta da realidade econômica, evitando-se, assim, sua superavaliação em detrimento dos direitos sociais. Tal posicionamento justifica-se, pois, independente da convicção política do intérprete (liberal, social-democrata ou neo-liberal), a Constituição de 1988 assumiu claramente a feição social, de sorte que não cabe discutir acerca da conveniência de tal modelo, cabendo apenas a discussão de como efetivá-la. Nesse contexto, embora não se desconsidere as dificuldades de ordem econômica para a efetivação dos direitos fundamentais sociais, buscou-se trazer a questão da reserva do possível a dimensões constitucionalmente adequadas. Dessa forma não se ignora, mas se evita uma superestimação do elemento econômico em detrimento do elemento humano, finalidade última dos direitos e garantias fundamentais, ponto principal do sistema constitucional de países civilizados. / Salvador

In 2005 States accepted that there is a responsibility to protect ('RtoP') populations when "man's inhumanity to man" rises to the fore and that those entrusted to respond effectively should undertake appropriate protective action, not simply rely on 'it' going away. The question which the thesis explores, largely from a legal and practice based perspective, is what the evolution of each component of RtoP discloses, over the past seven years, about its scope, status, viability and, more specifically, whether RtoP as it currently stands adds value to, or just newly packages, old protection policies. The extensive practice reviewed, including over four hundred State views and fifteen country-specific studies, identifies which positions in the existing literature on RtoP may require revisiting, and what issues merit greater attention given their potential practical and policy significance. Where appropriate, the established field of minority protection is utilised to ground assessment of RtoP's value added and identify possible policy implications of, or explanations for, the development of a responsibility which is still in its formative years. In so doing, present understandings of RtoP's relationship to minority protection are examined and developed. The view taken is that RtoP's relationship with existing protection mechanisms is multifaceted and evolving, adding value in some ways but also creating points of departure. Whilst the broad based State support for RtoP developed since 2005 is cause for celebration, the Libya and Syria conflicts illuminated tensions inherent in RtoP, including whether it is possible to resist regime change and remain neutral in civil wars where governments perpetrate RtoP crimes. Until there is a greater cohesion among policymakers to address some of the controversial issues and other outstanding ambiguities, then it is quite likely that the focus on 'RtoP' from 2005 will now shift perhaps to more 'PtR' - 'Protecting the Responsibility'.

This research has been carried out on the basis of a quite short and quite simple question: Is the notion of children's citizenship a reality or romanticism? It looks at the status and extent of our knowledge of the position of children over a period of about 2500 years in the past and toward an as yet unpredictable time in the future. In so doing it looks at not only 'ourselves' (Western European societies) but other cultures, traditions and beliefs that broaden the question's base. It considers branches of knowledge such as the social sciences, theology and philosophy. Those disciplines have examined humanity with varying amounts of reference to children or childhood for at least as long as any of them has existed. The choice of methods includes analytic induction, morphological analysis and content analysis cum symptomatic reading. Those choices are governed by the fact that most parts of all data are printed texts. Some of the content is also my own work, partially field based and other parts published texts. Some of my more recent, undocumented field based work has also raised questions that require answers that a work of this nature might provide. This research moves on and away from child participation using a children's rights based argument toward examination of the relationship of the child with the state, thus as a potential full member citizen, including children's rights as part of the broader human rights agenda. In so doing, the conclusions complete research that has taken a course in which the intent before examining evidence was to reach a position that was partly advocacy for full citizenship. The conclusions bearing the weight of historically and geographically widespread data now look at a better informed reality of the possibility of that being realised.

Orientador: José Blanes Sala / Banca: Sérgio Luiz Cruz Aguilar / Banca: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Jorge Luís Mialhe / Banca: Gilberto Marcos Antonio Rodrigues / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade do princípio da primazia da norma mais favorável ao indivíduo nas sentenças e opiniões consultivas proferidas pelas Cortes Européia e Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Esta investigação foi feita por meio de uma análise da aplicação do princípio pro homine, nos tribunais europeu e interamericano dos direitos humanos, sob os pontos de vista da doutrina, jurisprudência e opiniões consultivas emitidas pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e pelo Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos. / Abstract: This research aimed to investigate the employ of the principle of the primacy of the most favorable rule to the individual during the judgments and advisory opinions given for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights. The analysis was done evaluating the application of the pro homine principle in the referred courts about the doctrine jurisprudence and advisory opinions given for the Inter-American and European Courts of Human Rights. / Doutor

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M.A. (Politics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Values are operative in all of human rights law. That is an organizing principle of the entirety of this work. I have endevoured to remain true to a self-consciously value-orientated approach to elaborating a model against race discrimination in EU law, and 1 have made no attempt to disguise the substantive values which underpin it, or the commitment to protect fundamental human rights above market goals. While values are controversial, and while reasonable people will disagree on their application, it is submitted that attempting an articulation and exploration of those at work in antidiscrimination law is essential. Values are not, however, plucked from the abstract, and this is how context introduces itself, and remains central to this work. Context is viewed as determinative of values, and therefore of laws and their application. Chapter II offers a contextual definition of race and racism, looking to how a contextualised approach forces us to go beyond formalistic categorise and assumptions of objectivity in anti-discrimination law. The hope is that by freeing our legal conceptions of these categories, we may more fully appraise the extent of discrimination in context, and allow for more progressive strategies to combating it. Chapter III follows from the theoretic position established in Chapter II, looking to various aspects of the 'European context,' its history of immigration and the constitution of its diverse population. This chapter describes the political climate that prevails today and the rise of the extreme right in the past decade, as well as the social and economic consequences of racism in context. It examines also the emergence of 'Eurocentrism' as a new form of ethnocentrism specific to Europe, and partially reinforced by EU law. Chapter IV also relies on the contextual approach of Chapter 11 but applies it to a legal context. It examines the legal context of race discrimination in EU law, with special emphasis on the legal construction of race through the distinction between EU Nationals and Third Country Nationals. This discussion traces the roots of that foundational distinction to Member State laws and looks to the ways in which EU law has replicated and amplified it, and more importantly, to the ways in which it supports a racialised or even racist construct. The focus of this discussion is therefore de jure discrimination which effects race discrimination and how EU law participates in constructing racial Other. Chapter V concerns the corollary de facto discrimination affecting all minorities residing in the EU, but highlights this discrimination as the 'central case' because it afflicts minority EU citizens in the exercise of their EU law rights: in this way it is about insiders who are treated as Other. This chapter examines discriminatory contexts as they are reinforced by aspects of EU law, and as they generate an EU obligation to act from within EU law itself. Chapter VI is a theoretic excursus, which considers the multitude of choices which the anti-discrimination law may embody, dividing these into two basic poles: the liberal perspective and the alternative perspective. A number of central substantive tenets of anti-discrimination law are analysed from the perspective of these two poles. The second part of the chapter applies this theoretic modality to EU law, again considering substantive tenets in EU law in the light of the two poles of anti-discrimination law, with special emphasis on Article 13 and the new Race Directive. A final part of this chapter considers form and the adequacy of the current EU law anti-discrimination model in the light of other existing models. Chapter VII builds on Chapter VI but looks 'behind' the poles that present themselves in EU law, to the normative justifications and aims of anti-discrimination laws. Once again, this issue presents a multitude of choices. This chapter focuses on one such choice involving two distinct orientations in EU law: the Single Market and fundamental human rights. These are considered in tum as justifications for action against race discrimination, and it is argued that a balance between them is needed in EU law. Beyond that mutually defining coexistence, it is also argued that where they are irreconcilable, the normative prioritisation should favour fundamental human rights. An overarching theme of this work is the acknowledgment of the centrality of context and the duality of anti-discrimination law in terms of theoretic models, substantive choices and normative justification and aims. Acknowledging these offers a stronger model for combating discrimination in novel and sui generis contexts, such as the legal context of the EU, allowing us transcend existing legal models in search of more effective synergies. EU law cannot combat race discrimination without acknowledging the sui generis nature of its social and legal contexts and the politics and norms at work at all its levels, or without recognising the specific challenges presented by an economic law burgeoning fundamental rights provisions, or by the sheer diversity of standards and traditions and legal rules that exist within its boundaries.