La science a connu des avancées significatives en matière de gestion du risque au cours de la dernière décennie. Toutefois, les pratiques actuelles de gestion du risque dans le domaine industriel n'ont pas tiré tout le profit de ces développements. Le sujet de recherche de cette thèse peut être formulé ainsi : comment bâtir un cadre de gestion du risque afin de gérer les risques dans le transport, en adoptant les perspectives modernes du risque et les dernières connaissances de sécurité, tout en considérant le système de transport comme un système adaptatif complexe ? Ceci, à travers la perspective d'une agence nationale de la sécurité des transports, dont la responsabilité est la supervision de la sécurité de plusieurs modes de transport, incluant l'aérien, le maritime, le ferroviaire et le routier. La connaissance scientifique actuelle est passée en revue pour les sujets de risques et d'appréciation du risque, de sécurité et de gestion de la sécurité ainsi que les systèmes adaptatifs complexes. L'approche moderne du risque implique reconnaitre l'importance de l'incertitude et la solidité des connaissances dans l'analyse du risque ainsi que le rôle des imprévus. Le système de transport est identifié comme un système adaptatif complexe. De tels systèmes se caractérisent par un large volume d'interactions, de nombreuses boucles de rétroaction, des phénomènes non-linéaires, l'émergence, l'imprévisibilité et la contre-intuitivité. Sont étudiées les façons recommandées d'interagir avec les systèmes complexes afin de tenter de parvenir à un changement positif. Les concepts relatifs à la gestion de la sécurité sont également présentés et notamment le concept de résilience qui peut être interprété soit comme une élégante extensibilité des équipes ou des organisations, soit comme une adaptabilité continue. Les cadres existants de management du risque sont revus à la fois dans l'industrie et dans la littérature scientifique ainsi que la norme internationale ISO 31000. Basé sur l'état de l'art, un ensemble de critères pour un processus moderne de management du risque est développé. Le cadre proposé de gestion du risque dans le transport comprend des perspectives modernes du risque et considère le système de transport comme un système adaptatif complexe. Il permet de présenter les risques des différents modes de transport dans une visualisation globale de risque et de l'utiliser en tant que support pour prise de décision afin d'optimiser l'impact sur la sécurité avec les ressources qui sont toujours limitées. L'impact est encore renforcé par les moyens d'intervention tels que les stratégies adaptives et l'expérimentation, qui sont bien adaptés aux systèmes complexes. Elle est validée selon les critères élaborés et par comparaison avec les cadres existants. Le cadre proposé de gestion du risque ainsi que la thèse sont tous deux structurés d'après la norme ISO 31000. Enfin une étude de cas présente la mise en œuvre actuelle de cette nouvelle approche à l'Agence Nationale Finlandaise de la Sécurité des Transports. / Over the last ten-fifteen years, science has made significant advances in fields relevant for risk management. However, current risk management practices in industry have not yet benefitted from these developments. The research question addressed in this dissertation is: What kind of risk management framework should be used for managing transport risks when the modern risk perspectives and the latest understanding of safety are embraced, and the transport system is considered a complex adaptive system? The focus of this research is on transport risks, taking the perspective of a national transport safety agency, tasked with overseeing safety across several modes of transport, including aviation, maritime, railway and road safety. The scientific literature on risk and risk assessment, safety and safety management, as well as complex adaptive systems are reviewed. The research illustrates that a modern risk perspective recognizes the importance of uncertainty and strength of knowledge in risk analysis, as well as the role of surprises. The transport system is identified as a complex adaptive system, characterized by a high number of interactions, emergence, multiple feedback loops, nonlinear phenomena, unpredictability and counter-intuitiveness. The recommended ways to interact with such complex systems and to try to achieve positive change are explained. Concepts related to safety management are also investigated, especially the concept of resilience, which is interpreted as graceful extensibility of teams or organizations, or as sustained adaptability. Evidence of existing risk management frameworks in both the industry and scientific literature is outlined and reference is made to the international ISO 31000 standard for risk management. Based on the literature review, a set of criteria for a modern risk management process is developed. A risk management framework for managing transport risks which embraces modern risk perspectives and accounts for the transport system as a complex adaptive system is proposed. It enables risks in all transport modes to be presented in a single risk picture and supports decision-making to maximize the safety impact achievable with limited resources. The impact is further enhanced by intervention strategies such as adaptive policies and experimentation, which are well-suited to complex systems. The framework is validated against the criteria developed, and by comparison to existing methods. A case study presents the on-going implementation of the developed risk management framework at the Finnish Transport Safety Agency. Both the proposed risk management framework and the dissertation are structured according to the ISO 31000 framework.

There are four million voluntary attritions a month in the US. Many of these people choses to become freelance consultants (gig workers) working through digital gig platforms for better work-life balance. At the same time organizations requires a more flexible access to skills and competences to cope with an ever more dynamic business environment. This trend is also apparent in Europe. As people with the necessary skills and abilities is increasingly found on digital gig platforms, organizations must turn to these platforms to find needed competence. The act of hiring these digital gig workers through digital gig platforms are called crowdsourcing. The risks of crowdsourcing have mostly been studied from the perspective of gig workers and platform operator and there is a lack of understanding regarding the risk with crowdsourcing from the perspective of hiring organizations.       Our aim is to understand what risks organizations perceive with digital gig platforms and digital gig workers, and how organizations could mitigate the perceived risks by using a risk management framework. We conducted a qualitative case study around crowdsourcing as a process. Seven semi-structured interviews with mangers in organizations of various seize and industries were made. These interviews were supplemented with a document study of digital gig platform policies as these policies can reflect common concerns expressed by hiring organizations. Findings shows that there are several perceived organizational risks in crowdsourcing digital gig workers from digital gig platforms. The perceived risks can be categorized as HR, financial, market, operational, technological and supply chain types of risk. These types of risks can be either internal, external, or voluntary risks. The discussion revolves around where the different perceived organizational risks would fit within a risk management framework. The risks can be connected to all components of existing risk management frameworks. Our risk management model of crowdsourcing can be used as a heuristic tool for practitioners and contributes to theory by creating understanding of the risks with crowdsourcing from the perspective of organizations.