published_or_final_version / abstract / Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

近年來，社會資本成為了西方學者熱門的研究焦點。然而，以發展中國家為實證例子的相關研究卻相當匱乏。就中國的情況而言，由於改革開放初期下的制度法規常未成熟，非正規的文化規範及社會網路(關係)便成為建設世界工廠、提供靈活而低成本的生產運作的重要元素。本論文以港資跨境企業為研究對象，實地考證珠江三角洲的從改革開放以來的工業發展變遷。作者於二零一零至二零一一年間走訪香港及珠三角，與十名港資企業家及其他有關的專業界別人士作深度訪談。 / 研究結果顯示社會資本在珠三角工業發展過程發揮了關鍵的作用。由於改革開放初期的制度法規積弱，港資企業家大多利用跨境社會網路與珠三角的地方領導接洽，從而在當地設置生產基地。及至中國加入世界貿易組織以後，如何靈活運用社會資本及應付新興的制度力量更成為港資企業的重要議題。隨著中國的制度法規在產業轉型升級的路上更見成熟，部分一直過度依賴地方關係及制度漏洞而生利的企業將被淘汰。為解決現時的發展困局並防止當地工業被連根拔起，地方之間必須尋求更緊密的跨境協作。最後，本文揭示珠三角未來的工業發展將取決於企業如何升級社會資本、積極應付新的制度及市場挑戰、更替舊有的社會關係網路。 / In the past decades, scholars have been conceptualizing the asset of social capital in the contemporary West. However, its empirical reference to the developing countries is particularly missing. In the context of China, with a lack of substantial formal institutional support in the early reform period, it is the traditional Chinese cultural norms and informal social ties (guanxi) that constructed the "world factory" renowned for low operation cost and flexible production. This research studies the industrial dynamics of the Pearl River Delta since the economic reform in 1978, with a particular attention to the transborder manufacturing establishments operated by entrepreneurs from Hong Kong. In-depth interviews and field investigation are conducted with ten transborder entrepreneurs and some other involved officials in 2010 and 2011. / Research findings support the claim of social capital as a significant asset to enterprise development in the context throughout the period. In the early reform period with weak institutional infrastructure but strong preexisting personal and social ties across the mainland-Hong Kong border, transborder manufacturing establishments were emerged in the cultivation of guanxi among Hong Kong entrepreneurs and cadre-affiliates in the PRD as enterprise social capital. Meanwhile, the resilience in mobilizing enterprise social capital and particularly the institutional force has been more important to the sustainability and promotion of these transborder enterprises in the post-WTO China. The institutional turn towards techno-economic restructuring is going to eliminate many of the obsolete transborder enterprises, whose vested interests entangled in local guanxi networks and institutional holes have now been dissipated. Tighter collaboration across the border is urgently needed to simultaneously smash the regional lock-in and prevent the hollowing-out of industries in the region against recent global economic downturn. Eventually, it is believed that the reinventing of enterprise social capital, in the acknowledgement of institutional and market force but also informal guanxi networks, is crucial to the future trajectory of the industrial development in the PRD. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Leung, Chiu Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.viii / Chapter Chapte One --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Scope of Study --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Outline --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Firm Dynamics --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Social Capital Theory --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Chinese Context --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Collection --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Date Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Transborder Venture Creation in the Early Reform Era: Process of Social Capital Building / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Background Conditions --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Firm Emergence --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Sustaining Enterprise Development against the Latest Challenges: Theorizing the Dynamics of Social Capital / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- Case Study --- p.70 / Chapter 5.3 --- Locating the Dynamics --- p.86 / Chapter 5.4 --- Theorizing Enterprise Social Capital --- p.96 / Chapter 5.5 --- Institutional Turn --- p.105 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.122 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusions / Chapter 6.1 --- Discussion of Results --- p.p.124 / Chapter 6.2 --- Contributions and Limitations --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3 --- Remarks for Future Research --- p.133 / Bibliography --- p.135

Wong Yuen Fun. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2005-2006, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter A. --- Theory and History / Chapter A-1. --- Evolution of Interiority / Chapter A-2. --- Evolution of Bigness / Chapter A-3. --- Evolution of Shopping / Chapter B. --- Fron Mall to Village / Chapter B-1. --- Shopping Malls along Railways / Chapter B-2. --- The Mall / Chapter B-3. --- Points of Arrival / Chapter B-4. --- Internal Circulation / Chapter B-5. --- Sectional Journey / Chapter B-6. --- Interior? Exterior? / Chapter C. --- From Village to Mall / Chapter C-1. --- Urban Village / Chapter C-2. --- Mall in the Village / Chapter D. --- Design

For inter-city cooperation at regional scale: (a) The thesis applies the partnership theory to regional scale, especially for inter-city cooperation. In this study, three different mechanisms of inter-city cooperation are identified, namely, spontaneous partnership, hierarchical partnership and hybrid partnership. Their effectiveness in inter-city cooperation is evaluated in the thesis. (b) The thesis argues that inter-city cooperation is also a process. Three stages, information exchange, thematic cooperation, and common market, are identified. (c) The thesis categorizes inter-city cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta region. Five ideal types of partnership arrangements for thematic cooperation are identified: development partnership, promotional partnership, coordination partnership, resource-based partnership and strategic partnership. (d) The thesis reveals some principles of partner (member city) selection for inter-city cooperation. In addition, according to the roles of actors in partnership building, the thesis classifies them into three types: crucial actors, influential actors and ordinary actors. Urban growth/cross-border urban growth at urban scale: (a) The traditional urban growth coalition approach neglects how "forces" operate above the local/urban scale, especially in globalizing and competitive world today. This thesis provides some insights for this problem and extends traditional urban growth coalition approach by considering the case of cross-border urban growth in China. (b) The thesis enhances the understanding of urban growth coalition in China. It is found that local governments play different roles in various stages of the formation of urban growth coalition. (c) It is found that an anti-coalition is emerging and has been strengthened in the context of land expropriation due to rapid industrial and urban expansion in China. The causes of the emergence of anti-coalitions are examined in the thesis. / Inter-city cooperation and cross-border development in the Yangtze River Delta region are new phenomena and have received much governmental and scholarly attention in recent years. The aim of this research is to examine inter-city cooperation taking place at regional scale and cross-border urban growth at urban scale from partnership perspective. In this study, three typical cases of inter-city cooperation, Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Urban Region Planning, the Forum for the Coordination of Urban Economy of Yangtze River Delta Region and Jiangyin Economic Development Zone in Jingjiang are selected to examine three types of partnership arrangements with different mobilizations, namely, hierarchical partnership, spontaneous partnership and hybrid partnership. The three case studies contribute to the study of inter-city cooperation based on Chinese experiences. Meanwhile, the case of Jiangyin Economic Development Zone in Jingjiang is also a case of cross-border urban growth. The findings from this case not only extend the urban growth coalition approach to the case of cross-border urban growth, but also deepen the understanding of urban growth politics in China. After tracing and examining the process of mobilization and actor interaction in each case, the major findings of this research are as follows: / The findings of this thesis enhance understanding of inter-city cooperation and cross-border urban growth in rapidly changing China. They not only help to improve the effectiveness of existing inter-city cooperation in the delta region, but also shed light on inter-city cooperation elsewhere. Lessons and experiences drawn from Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Urban Region Planning and Jiangyin Economic Zone in Jingjiang shed light on urban region planning/coordinative planning and cross-border development respectively. / Luo Xiaolong. / "June 2005." / Adviser: Jianfa Shen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: A, page: 2699. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 184-192). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Gateway is a common term that has appeared mainly in geographical literature in various contexts. The focus on gateway shifts our attention away from “which cities dominate” to “how cities are affected by globalization.” This dissertation aims to (1) justify the imbalanced development between air and maritime transport within gateway cities, and the existence of a multi-port and multi-airport gateway region in coastal China; (2) initially explore an operational framework of the states in the process of gateway planning, formation, and promotion in China; and (3) conceptualize the discourses behind the intervention of the states and the competitions among them in the process of building and developing gateways. With these research objectives in mind, two hypotheses are proposed: (1) the hierarchical gateway systems and the interdependency among multiple airports and multiple ports within a region could be explained by the concept of “administrative capital,” and the development of gateway is affected by various states with different administrative capitals; and (2) the devolution reform in the port and airport sectors could be explained by path dependence, thereby revealing the reasons behind the changing role of the states in developing gateways in different periods. A combination of research methods, actualized in two complementary phases, is used in the study. The Ningbo gateway, as well as gateways (including airports and ports) in the South Yangtze River Delta, is chosen for the case study. First, the interdependency between airports and seaports in the region is analyzed by using annual and monthly data. Second, the role of the states in building and promoting gateways is analyzed by the concept of “administrative capital” and “path dependence,” based on related policies and information obtained from three interviews conducted in Ningbo, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. The cargo throughputs of multiple airports and multiple ports in a region are found to have fairly strong interdependence on both monthly and annual bases. Therefore, to some extent, the demand for air cargo and seaborne shipments is strongly interdependent at a regional level. With such background, inadequacies in the capacity and connectivity of Ningbo Airport in servicing Ningbo are revealed. Support from the local government is important in the development of gateways. Such development is affected by different administrative ranks of the states and the accumulation of various advantages gained by the states because of their position in the national or regional administrative ladder. This dissertation proposes the concept of “administrative capital” to decode the discourses behind the interdependency between airports and ports in the region, as well as their unbalanced development. Thus, how administrative capital works in a government-dominated economy and leads to the formation of the geographical space of transport gateways is identified. / published_or_final_version / Geography / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Urban Planning and Environmental Management / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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This dissertation reviews the principles of International River Basin Management and their application by the governments of Angola, Botswana and Namibia. The dissertation deals with the issues popularised by governments, water planners and international agencies that the twenty-first century's conflicts will be fought over water. Increasingly this concern is being used to justify new water-supply dams and river diversion projects. This is especially so in arid Southern Africa, the focus of this dissertation, where numerous major international water transfers are underway and many more are being planned. While Namibia's growing thirst is a serious problem, the story is more complicated than just too many basin states putting their straws into one glass. The growing conflicts over the Okavango's water use raise broader questions about ownership of common resources, and equity of access to those resources. Most southern African countries depend on primary natural resources to sustain economies and their people. The environmental issues are remarkably similar in countries within the region, and the economic, social and political fortunes of the individual countries are intertwined. Furthermore, the ways in which resources are being managed are similar and thus cause for common concern. In general, the ability of countries in the region to achieve sustainable development depends not on national policies but also on the commitment of neighbours to practice sound environmental management. This is because activities in one country can easily cause impacts on a neighbour and possibly result in "downstream" opportunity costs. This case study of the Okavango River Basin, a river facing prospective developments from riparian states Angola, Botswana and Namibia, attempts to find sustainable solutions to solving international resource conflict. In addition to outlining the possible future threats to the Okavango River, this study proclaims a number of recommendations in the way of declaring alternatives to Namibia's plans to extract water from the Okavango River. One such recommendation is the encouragement of Water Demand Management as an alternative to water transfer by Namibia. This management strategy is aimed at optimising the use of available water rather than developing new or extended supplies and as a result it has a vital role to play since it contributes to sustainable development rather than over exploitation of limited natural resources. The majority of large rivers in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are shared by three or more countries, and as the region's water resources come under growing development pressure, the importance of establishing effective national and regional methods and institutions for sustainably managing these resources will increase greatly. From economic, ecological and human welfare perspectives, the Okav,ango River Basin is arguably one of the most important transboundary natural resources (TBNR) in the region. Owing to the basin's remoteness and history of conflict, the Okavango was spared much of the destructive developments that rivers in the region have suffered. As a result, the relatively pristine Okavango ecosystem continues to provide significant benefits to the region much as it has done for centuries. As we approach the new millennium, however, it is clear that the health of the Okavango River Basin is threatened as riparian states increasingly turn to the Okavango to support their growing populations and economies. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

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Ph.D. (Zoology) / Histomorphology as a tool to assess the health status of five economically important fish species in the Okavango Delta Panhandle, Botswana the Okavango Delta, and an inland freshwater wetland of national and international importance was designated by the Ramsar Convention in 1996. This site is of global importance because of a wide diversity of fish species found in this freshwater ecosystem. The Okavango Delta is also one of the last 'near pristine' sites on the African continent and therefore serves as an ideal reference site to describe the normal histomorphology of selected organs in sentinel fish species which could be used as reference for future toxicological studies. The aim of this study was to assess the health status of five economically important fish species namely, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), Clarias ngamensis (Castelnau, 1861), Serranochromis robustus jallae (Gunther, 1864), Serranochromis angusticeps (Boulenger, 1907) and Hydrocynus vittatus (Castelnau, 1861) sampled from the Okavango Delta Panhandle, by describing the normal histomorphology of the liver, gills and gonads of the sentinel species. The sentinel fish species are of significant importance because they form an integral part of the small-scale commercial, subsistence and recreational fisheries in this ecosystem. In the past few decades, fish-health research has focused almost exclusively on histopathological alterations resulting from pollution caused by exposure to chemicals, parasitesand pathogens. Limited attention has been devoted to the normal histomorphology and health status of fish species in various aquatic ecosystems including the Okavango Delta Panhandle. Also, histopathological evaluations noted only the presence of abnormalities without quantitative assessment of the extent of the abnormalities within each tissue section. The absence of baseline normal histomorphology and numerical data however, makes it difficult to establish cause-and-affect relationships between pathology and contamination patterns in various fish species. It is imperative therefore, that the normal histomorphology of organs in fish species occurring in this region should be known so that histopathological conditions maybe accurately diagnosed…