Tidigare forskning indikerar att individer med sömnapné får mer allvarliga skador i sambandmed vägtrafikolyckor jämfört med individer utan sömnapné. Det har även visats att merallvarliga skador genererar högre kostnader. Det finns dock ett kunskapsglapp i frågan om demer allvarliga skadorna som involverar individer med sömnapné har högresjukvårdskostnader i Sverige. Studier visar även att om patienter ska kunna få ut maximaltmed vård för de skattepengar som läggs på hälso- och sjukvården bör samhällseffektivakostnadsanalyser göras. En del i samhällseffektiva kostnadsanalyser är att identifiera,kvantifiera och värdera de kostnader som är relevanta vid ett specifikt olycksfall.Uppsatsens syfte är att framställa, jämföra och analysera de sjukvårdskostnader somuppkommer vid vägtrafikolyckor i Sverige orsakade av individer med och utan sömnapnéunder en uppföljningsperiod på ett, två och tre år. I sjukvårdskostnaderna inkluderas dekostnader som uppstår i slutenvården, öppenvården, samt läkemedelskostnader. Syftetuppfylls först genom identifiering, kvantifiering och värdering av sjukvårdskostnaderna. Meden ekonometrisk modell avser vi dessutom att förklara sambandet mellan de förklarandevariablerna ålder, kön och patientgrupp och den beroende variabeln sjukvårdskostnader. Denekonometriska modellen skapas utifrån data från olycksregistret Swedish Traffic AccidentData Acquisition (STRADA) och organisationen European Sleep Apnoea Database(ESADA).I resultatanalysen presenteras och analyseras sjukvårdskostnaderna utifrånsamhällsekonomisk teori för att avgöra om det existerar en skillnad i sjukvårdskostnader samtför att utreda hur den eventuella skillnaden är fördelad enligt Pareto- och Kaldor-Hickskriteriet. Studiens resultat visar på att det existerar en framträdande skillnad mellan de tvåpatientgruppernas sjukvårdskostnader. Marginalkostnaderna för patientgruppen medsömnapné är betydligt större än för patientgruppen utan sömnapné och de inkrementellakostnaderna visar också relativt stora kostnadsskillnader under respektive uppföljningsår. / Previous research indicates that individuals with the condition obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) get more severe injuries after road traffic accidents, in comparison with individualswithout OSA. It has also, in previous studies, been shown that more severe injuries generatehigher costs. There is although a knowledge gap concerning whether the more severe injuriesthat involve individuals with OSA result in higher medical expenses. Furthermore, earlierresearch also implies that for patients to receive maximum healthcare from the tax moneyreimbursing the healthcare in Sweden, there should be socio-effective cost analysisconducted. An important part of socio-effective cost analysis is the identification,quantification and valuation of relevant costs associated with a specific causality.The aim of the study is to produce, compare and analyse the healthcare costs associated withroad traffic accidents in Sweden caused by individuals with and without OSA, during afollow-up period of one, two and three years. The healthcare costs include the costs that occurin the inpatient and outpatient care as well as pharmaceutical costs. The aim has been fulfilledthrough identification, quantification and valuation of the healthcare costs associated withroad traffic accidents, for individuals with and without OSA. In order to examine therelationship between the describing variables age, sex and patient group and the dependentvariable healthcare cost, we constructed an econometric model. The econometric model hasbeen assembled by data from the accident register Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition(STRADA) and the organisation European Sleep Apnoea Database (ESADA).The result of the study presents and analyse the healthcare costs through socio-economictheory to decide whether there does exist a difference in healthcare costs and to investigate ifthe eventual difference in costs is distributed according to the Pareto- and Kaldor-Hickscriteria.The study’s result demonstrates a significant difference of the healthcare costs in thetwo patient groups. The marginal costs for the patient group with OSA is considerably higherthan the marginal cost for the patient group without OSA. The incremental costs also showrelatively large cost differences during the three follow-up years.

There has been a good effort made in Abu Dhabi for the last couple of years between government stakeholders to develop a road safety strategy, define rules and responsibilities, and gain a fully coordinated and integrated framework to deal with road safety. According to my point of view, the challenges that might be seen as a problem for the future development of Abu Dhabi can be the management and the usage of traffic safety technologies to reduce serious road traffic accidents. This study focused on the relationship between the use of traffic safety technologies and serious road traffic accidents on Abu Dhabi Highways. The motivation for this research is to implement correctly the traffic safety technologies in Abu Dhabi highways as a part of the need to adopt plans, programmes, and preventive measures to reduce or prevent the occurrence of traffic accidents in order to ensure the safety of individuals and property, in addition to preserving the security of the state and its human and economic components. The overall approach to this study is a mixed methodology, which combines quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire is one method used in this regard, and is designed to be quantitative. In the quantitative method, comparing statistics of fatalities and injuries before and after installation of the speed cameras is used. As a result of this study and by making the connectivity between reviewing the results and findings of the literature review, identifying the questionnaire results, and exploring the before and after statistics led to findings which were used to develop a decision support framework that can be used to advise the regional safety strategy to be sustainable. The design framework was also validated through Abu Dhabi highways by a panel of experts, which was carried out using the focus group method, which was qualitative in nature. It is recommended from this research to invest much in traffic safety technologies, focus more on driver support systems and rapid response systems, improve driver behaviour as a priority in Abu Dhabi highways using traffic safety technologies, and integrate the compatibility of all of the above through an integrated system and specific performance indicators that are measured and followed up on an ongoing basis, and supported by geographic information systems (GIS).

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama ES ir NVS kelių eismo saugumo politika, sprendžiant kelių eismo įvykių ir “juodųjų dėmių” problemas. Pasirinkti Lietuvos ir Rusijos atvejai. Pirmoje dalyje aptarta avaringumo problema šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje, pateikti statistiniai duomenys apie kelių eismo įvykiuose žuvusių žmonių skaičių ES ir NVS valstybėse, aptartos prevencinės priemonės, nurodytos kelių eismo įvykių ir „juodųjų dėmių“ atsiradimo priežastys Lietuvos ir Rusijos keliuose, pateiktos „juodųjų dėmių“ sąvokos bei jų nustatymo metodikos. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjami ES kelių transporto ir eismo saugumo reguliavimo teisiniai aspektai, nagrinėjami Lietuvos ir Rusijos svarbiausi kelių eismo saugumą reguliuojantys teisės aktai, analizuojama institucijų veikla bei finansavimas. / The master’s thesis covers the road safety policy of the EU and the CIS countries in solving the problems of road traffic accidents and “accident black spots”. The Lithuanian and Russian cases have been selected. Part One covers the discussion of the accident rate problem in a modern world, presentation of statistical data on the number of people, who died during the road traffic accidents in the EU and the CIS states, discussion of preventive measures, indication of the causes of road traffic accidents and “accident black spots” on Lithuanian and Russian roads, presentation of “accident black spots” terms as well as their identification methods. Part Two covers the analysis of legal aspects of the EU road transport and road safety regulation, fundamental legal acts governing traffic safety of Lithuania and Russia, as well as activities and financing of institutions.

Bibliography: leaves 124-147 / BACKGROUND The leading and increasing contributor to the regional and global disease burden that leads to death and disability is represented by road accidents. An enormous toll on individuals together with communities and national economies has been observed because of the occurrence of road accidents. AIM The study developed guidelines to reduce road accidents amongst automobile drivers in Botswana. METHODS Study design The study was conceptualised using Haddon's theory and the mixed-method sequential explanatory design was utilized to conduct the study. Collection of data for this study was done over a period of time in two consecutive phases. v Study setting The study took place in Gaborone, and the study was conducted at Broadhurst Police Headquarters, Directorate of transport station, and the University of Botswana. Data Collection methods: The data for this study were collected through the usage of focus group interviews and document analysis using a checklist. The first phase involved collecting quantitative data through document analysis of 400 police records using a checklist. The second phase took place in Gaborone at the University of Botswana. It involved collecting qualitative data using two focus group interviews with various stakeholders like traffic police, third party claim officers, and emergency nurses/doctors who have been in contact with people involved in road traffic accidents. Study Population: The study population included traffic accident victims' documents at the police headquarters for Gaborone and Francistown, police and traffic officers, lawyers/third party claims officers, and emergency department staff such as nurses and doctors working in Gaborone and Francistown. Data analysis: A checklist was used in transforming observations of found categories into quantitative statistical data. Data generated from the content analysis were transformed into quantitative statistical data using a checklist. Quantitative data were entered and analysed principally using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 27) software to generate graphs and tables. Inconsistencies of the data set was managed by cleaning and editing the data. The data that were missing were not statistically imputed. The relationships of independent variables based on Haddon Matrix-like, drunk driving, unlicensed drivers, over speeding, deaths, and injuries were analysed against the dependent variable of having a road traffic accident using logistic regression. Qualitative vi data from focus group interviews was transcribed verbatim using a transcription protocol. Using transcription protocol ensured that transcription is done consistently and is of the appropriate type for analytic aims. Tesch’s framework for qualitative data analysis was used. UNISA, Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness, and The Ministry of Defence, Justice, and Security granted the researcher the permission to conduct the study. Results The study found that most accidents are caused by the drivers’ carelessness followed by animals, both domestic and wild. The accidents had an impact on the health of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. The accidents resulted in fatalities and lower limb fractures, upper limb fractures, and brain injuries. Over the past five years, Gaborone and Serowe recorded the highest cases of road traffic accidents. Most of the accidents occurred where there were no junction. Conclusion It is envisioned that the guidelines informed by research and literature will ensure a decrease in road traffic accidents and consequently fatalities and injuries among Botswana communities. / Health Studies / D. Phil. (Public Health)