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The structure of the hemicellulose obtained from the heartwood of black locust, Robinia pseudacaciaVeatch, Franklin, 1917- January 1940 (has links)
No description available.
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Nitrogen fixing trees in the United States: N flux, effect on forest demographics, and nutrient transfer modelStaccone, Anika Petach January 2021 (has links)
Patterns and controls of net primary production (NPP) remain a critical question in ecology especially as climate modeling efforts expand. Nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), can regulate NPP, which couples the N and C cycles. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the primary natural pathway by which new N enters ecosystems. The magnitude of the natural BNF flux is still not well constrained and the effect of this new N on forest demography and C storage is not well understood. In chapter 1 we use tree census data and two approaches of estimating BNF to make an estimate of the total N fixed by trees across the U.S.: 0.30-0.88 Tg N yr-1 (1.4-3.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1), smaller than previously expected and on par with N inputs from understory or asymbiotic BNF and less than inputs from N deposition. The tree BNF input is dominated by two tree genera: Robinia and Alnus.
In chapter 2 we use mixed effect models of forest census data to show that N-fixing trees have no net effect on forest biomass accumulate rate, indicating that though they can fertilize forests on long timescales, during the course of their lives the competitive influences they exert on neighbors balance any fertilization effect they may have. However, the net effect of N-fixing trees on forest development and carbon storage depends on local factors and can be significantly facilitative in contexts where N-fixers are less competitive or when neighbors occupy different forest niches. In chapter 3 we develop a theoretical model which shows lateral leaf litter is a plausible mechanism for observed N-fixer effects, wherein the percent of litter nutrients shared with neighbors can range from almost 0% for small trees to >90% for large isolated trees in low wind, fast decomposition environments. Litter nutrients spread more in windy environments or from trees whose leaf litter falls farther from trees and diffuses more quickly. In sum, N-fixing trees play an important role in temperate forests representing an important N input, however, the flux is smaller than previously expected and the fertilization effect of N-fixing trees is not observed during the census interval.
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Une histoire écologique et évolutive du robinier faux-acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) depuis son introduction en Europe / A European ecological and evolutive history of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)Bouteiller, Xavier 28 September 2018 (has links)
Robinia pseudoacacia L. est un arbre nordaméricain qui est largement répandu à travers l’Europe. Afin d’évaluer les mécanismes évolutifs pouvant expliquer son potentiel invasif, il est indispensable d’identifier les populations sources de l’introduction et de comprendre quels traits ont contribué à son succès dans l’aire européenne Une étude de génétique des populations a été réalisée, un large échantillonnage a été conduit au sein des deux aires et 818 individus provenant de 63 populations ont été génotypés grâce à 113 marqueurs SNPS. En premier lieu, nous avons démontré que le robinier européen provenait d’un nombre restreint de populations situées au nord du plateau des Appalaches, ce qui est en accord avec les données historiques. Au sein des ÉtatsUnis la structure reflète des processus évolutifs au long cours tandis qu’en Europe, la structure est plus ténue et pourrait être due à l’activité humaine, notamment aux programmes de sélection entrepris en Europe centrale depuis le 18ème siècle. En deuxième lieu, un goulot d’étranglement génétique associé à une perte de diversité a été mis en évidence dans l’aire d’introduction. Enfin un plus fort taux de clonalité a été observé au sein des populations d’Europe Conjointement à cette étude de génétique des populations. Une expérimentation de génétique quantitative a été réalisée afin d’évaluer la différenciation de traits juvéniles entre populations des deux aires (3000 individus de 20 populations) cultivées dans 3 conditions de température différentes (18°C ; 22°C et 31°C). Les résultats ont révélé une augmentation du taux de germination parmi les populations européennes par rapport aux américaines (88% vs 60%) quelles que soient les conditions environnementales. Un scénario possible est que l’Homme aurait sélectionné et propagé les meilleures graines en Europe favorisant alors l’évolution du taux de germination. De plus, les traits phénotypiques juvéniles sont extrêmement plastiques à la température avec une tendance générale à l’augmentation de la valeur du trait avec la température. Cela suggère qu’un réchauffement climatique favoriserait le développement de l’espèce, au moins en conditions d’alimentation en eau non limitante. Cependant, seules les populations américaines montrent un signal une adaptation locale à la température d’origine Dans tous les cas, ils semblent que l’action de l’Homme sur le potentiel reproductif, sexué ou asexué, a probablement influencé le potentiel invasif du robinier en Europe / Robinia pseudoacacia L. is a North American tree which has now broadly spread in Europe. In order to evaluate the evolutionary mechanisms behind its invasiveness, it is crucial to identify the population sources of the introduction and to understand which traits contributed to its success in the European range. To undertake a population genetics study, we performed a large sampling both in the invasive and native ranges; 818 individuals from 63 populations were genotyped using 113 SNPs. First, we demonstrated that European black locust was introduced from only a limited number of populations located in the Northern plateau of the Appalachians Mountains; this is in agreement with historical records. Within America, population structure reflected long time evolutionary processes whereas in Europe, it was largely impacted by human activities. In the European range, the genetic clustering may be a signal of evolution caused by artificial selection due to human oriented mass selection or tree breeding initiated in Central Europe since the 18th century. Second, we evidenced a genetic bottleneck among ranges with a decrease in allelic richness and in the total number of alleles in Europe. Lastly, we found more clonality within the European populations. Conjointly to the population genetic analysis, we conducted a quantitative genetics experiment to evaluate juvenile traits of both native and invasive black locust populations (3000 individuals from 20 populations) grown under 3 different temperature conditions. Results revealed an enhanced germination rate among European populations compared to that of the native American populations whatever the environmental condition (88% vs 60%). Thus a possible scenario may be that Man would have selected and propagated the best seeds in the new range that would have favored an evolution of germination rate through European populations. Phenotypic traits of juvenile development are extremely plastic in response to temperature (18/22/31°C), with a general tendency to increasing trait values with increasing temperature. This suggests that global warming would favor the development of the species, at least under nonlimiting water supply conditions. However, only American populations demonstrated a signal of local adaptation to the temperature at the sampling location. In any case, the human role on the reproductive potential, both sexual and asexual, within the introduced rangewould likely be a key process in the success of black locust dynamics in Europe.
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Competition mechanisms of native and exotic tree speciesKawaletz, Heike 02 August 2013 (has links)
Der Anteil an nicht-einheimischen Pflanzenarten (Neophyten), die durch menschlichen Einfluss in neue Gebiete eingebracht worden sind, hat in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten deutlich zugenommen. Weltweit gefährdet die Invasion von Neophyten beträchtlich die einheimische Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen. Verschiedene biologische Eigenschaften (z.B. hohe Zuwachsrate und schnelle Vermehrung) führen zu einer besseren Konkurrenzfähigkeit von invasiven Arten und verursachen Veränderungen in der natürlichen Artzusammensetzung. Eine genauere Erfassung der Eigenschaften, die Neophyten zu starken Konkurrenten machen, könnte dabei helfen pflanzliche Invasionen besser zu verstehen und zukünftig effektiver zu steuern.
Topfversuche ermöglichen die Untersuchung von Pflanzeninteraktionen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen ohne den schwer kalkulierbaren Einfluss heterogener Umweltfaktoren. Allerdings führen die Langlebigkeit und die größeren Dimensionen von Baumindividuen zu mehr Problemen in Topfversuchen im Vergleich zur Untersuchung krautiger Pflanzen. Aus diesem Grund wurde im Rahmen eines Reviews Literatur ausgewertet, um einen Überblick über die praktische Durchführung von Topfversuchen, die sich ausschließlich mit Baumarten beschäftigen, zu geben. Es ist offensichtlich, dass der Vorteil von Topfversuchen zugleich auch einen Nachteil darstellt: Aufgrund der kontrollierten Bedingungen sind Topfversuche in ihrer Eignung natürliche Gegebenheiten zu imitieren immer eingeschränkt. Die Zuverlässigkeit von Topfversuchen bei der Vorhersage des Baumwachstums unter natürlichen Bedingungen ist daher problematisch. Eine Möglichkeit um die Übertragbarkeit von Topfversuchen zu verbessern, könnte die Durchführung zusätzlicher Felduntersuchungen sein.
In einem Topfversuch wurden die, durch Unterschiede in der Wuchsrate, Biomasseproduktion und Biomasseverteilung bedingten, Konkurrenzmechanismen von zwei einheimischen (Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L.) und zwei nicht-einheimischen Baumarten untersucht (Prunus serotina Ehrh., Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Einjährige Jungpflanzen wurden verschiedenen intra- und interspezifischen Konkurrenzbedingungen ausgesetzt, mit oder ohne den Einfluss von Wurzelkonkurrenz. Um die Konkurrenzmechanismen genauer zu bestimmen, wurde zwischen Wurzel- und Sprosskonkurrenz unterschieden, indem entweder ober- oder unterirdische Plastiktrennwände in die Töpfe integriert wurden. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Gesamtbiomasseproduktion der Neophyten im Vergleich zur Biomasseproduktion der einheimischen Baumarten signifikant höher ist und dies zu einer Verringerung der Biomasse von Q. robur und C. betulus führt. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der unterirdischen Konkurrenz auf das Wachstum und die Biomasseverteilung der einheimischen Arten gemäß der ‚balanced-growth hypothesis‘ untersucht.
Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen die Annahmen, dass die Biomasseproduktion der beiden Neophyten P. serotina und R. pseudoacacia signifikant höher ist und dies zu einem großen Konkurrenzvorteil und zu einer Biomassereduktion der beigemischten konkurrenzschwächeren einheimischen Arten führt. Der Konkurrenzdruck auf Q. robur und C. betulus wurde vor allem durch die Wurzelkonkurrenz der nicht-einheimischen Arten verursacht. Die Ausschaltung von unterirdischen Pflanzeninteraktionen durch Trennwände führte somit zu einem Anstieg der Biomasseproduktion der beiden einheimischen Arten. Demzufolge scheint sogar ein begrenztes Wurzelvolumen bessere Wachstumsbedingungen zu bieten als direkter Wurzelkontakt mit invasiven Konkurrenten. In Übereinstimmung mit der ‚balanced-growth hypothesis‘ reagieren Q. robur und C. betulus auf die starke unterirdische Konkurrenz durch die Neophyten, indem sie mehr Biomasse in Richtung der Wurzeln transportieren. Die verstärkte Investition der Pflanzen in die Wurzeln geht vor allem zu Lasten von Blatt- und Astbiomasse.
Außerdem hat sich gezeigt, dass Artenmischungen aus einheimischen und nicht-einheimischen Bäumen mehr Biomasse produzieren, als man anhand des Wachstums dieser Arten in Monokulturen erwartet hätte. Im Vergleich zu Monokulturen oder Mischungen beider Neophyten war der Konkurrenzdruck für P. serotina und R. pseudoacacia in Mischungen mit den weniger produktiven einheimischen Baumarten geringer. Bei Betrachtung der beiden nicht-einheimischen Arten wird deutlich, dass P. serotina signifikant mehr Biomasse produziert. Trotzdem hat R. pseudoacacia aufgrund der starken Wurzelkonkurrenz einen negativen Einfluss auf die Biomasseproduktion von P. serotina. Wachsen die beiden konkurrenzstarken Neophyten zusammen in einem Topf, produzieren sie weniger Biomasse als in den entsprechenden Monokulturen.
Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, dass die starke Konkurrenzfähigkeit der invasiven Neophyten oftmals zu Lasten ihrer Stresstoleranz geht. Damit einhergehend zeigten die beiden nicht-einheimischen Arten im Topfversuch eine höhere Mortalitätsrate: Vor allem P. serotina scheint zudem empfindlich gegenüber Schatten, Trockenheit und Überflutung zu sein. Möglicherweise könnte diese Schwachstelle der Neophyten genutzt werden, um eine weitere Ausbreitung einzudämmen.
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Guar and locust bean gums as partial replacers of all-purpose flour in bread : an objective and sensory evaluation /Schwarzlaff, Sabine Susanne, January 1993 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-91). Also available via the Internet.
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Guar and locust bean gums as partial replacers of all-purpose flour in bread: an objective and sensory evaluationSchwarzlaff, Sabine S. 10 November 2009 (has links)
The purpose of this research was to determine whether all-purpose flour could be partially replaced with locust bean gum (LBG) and guar gum, and produce an acceptable bread product.
A pilot study determined that up to 4% gum replacement for flour was feasible. All bread treatments were evaluated objectively by standing height, texture, color, and cell size. Moisture determinations were obtained for each bread variation. Sensory quality was examined by consumer testing. The amount of heat required to break the hydrogen bonds in amylopectin, indicative of bread staling, was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for all bread treatments.
Two percent LBG replacement significantly increased standing height. Firmness of bread increased with an increase in gum; the 4% guar bread was significantly firmer. Crumb color was not significantly different for any of the five bread treatments. Crust color, however, was significantly lighter for the control in comparison to the 2 and 4% guar, and 4% LBG breads. Two percent guar produced a more even cell size distribution throughout the bread crumb. For all 5 bread formulations moistures were not significantly different. Sensory evaluation determined a significant difference between the control and 4% LBG. The 4% LBG bread was preferred, although not significantly. Both gums were found to retard bread staling and 2% LBG was the most effective in lengthening the shelf life of the bread product.
Objective and sensory evaluation indicated both gums produced acceptable bread products for consumer consumption and possible use in further research. / Master of Science
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Wood Extractive Compounds - Extraction, Chemical composition, Biological activity, Native durability =:Extraktivní látky dřeva: Extrakce, Chemické složení, Biotická aktivita, Přirozená trvanlivost /Sablík, Pavel January 2018 (has links)
Wood chemical composition research is of significant importance for various fields like wood-manufacturing, food and pharmaceutical industries. Much research work has been motivated by the fundamental knowledge that wood of some tree species demonstrate significantly higher native durability against biological degradation and therefore is much convenient to use in more demanding applications, e.g. in contact with soil or water. This important wood property was assign mainly to presence of extractive chemical compounds or secondary metabolites, produced by wood when heartwood is formed. The presented doctoral thesis aims to find the possibilities of how to utilize extractive chemical compounds found in Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) as treatment solutions. These can be used to increase the durability of low durable wood species. The experimental part of the presented thesis was carried out using the laboraties and equipment of the Mendel University in Brno, and their external laboratories of research centre in Útěchov. Paper 01 aims to establish methodology for extraction apparatus fexIKA. Describes mainly possibilities for quantitative gains of extractives when using various organic solvents. Within this papers research scope heartwood, sapwood and bark of Black locust were used as the source material. Black locust was choosen mainly due to its extremely high native durability, together with oak considered highest in Central Europe, and for longer term experimental plans and reason. The established methodology for primal solvents (acetone, benzene, cyclohexane, ethanol and distilled water) was the result of this paper. The influence of extraction inputs (particles size, solvent type and temperature) on quantitative and qualitative result of extraction process was the topic for research design presented in Paper 02. In the paper comparable results with literature and established fexIKA methodology were proven. Also the effect of the above mentioned inputs are described and extracted chemical content was identified using HPLC-HRMS technique. The possibility of utilizing chemical compounds obtained, based on Paper 01 extractive methodology, aimed for higher content of phenolic compounds according to Paper 02 results, were the topic of Paper 03. This research paper proves antifungal activity of Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and African padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.) extracts after impregnation into European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) sapwood. This wood species is assessed as class 5 (not durable), with an average mass loss result after the durability test of untreated samples 43.6 %. Native durability of European beech wood was significantly improved after impregnation with extractives, mass loss resulted in average 12.7 %. This revalued treated beech sapwood into durability class 3. Paper 04 continues with a study of extractives retention in wood matrix after impregnation whilst introducing adjusted leaching tests. Despite standard EN 84, this research employed miniaturized Bravery wood blocks for impregnation and leaching tests, which were at the end shortened to 144 hours. In order to increase the biologicaly active chemical compounds retention in the specimens, heat treatment was used. The results of the experiment proved the significance between heat treatment and retention.
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Plant communities on reclaimed surface mines in Northeast Ohio: Effects of succession and nitrogen-fixing autumn oliveRuggles, Thomas Alan 25 November 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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VLIV ROSTOUCÍ POKRYVNOSTI INVAZNÍHO TRNOVNÍKU AKÁTU NA PTAČÍ SPOLEČENSTVA V LESNÍCH POROSTECH / THE EFFECT OF AN INCREASING COVERAGE OF INVASIVE BLACK LOCUST ON BIRD COMMUNITIES IN FOREST STANDSKroftová, Magdalena January 2016 (has links)
Biological invasions are one of the most important threats to global biodiversity and they were also found to negatively affect some bird species. Despite relatively large number of scientific studies dealing with the impacts of invasive plants on bird communities, their results are inconsistent, especially it is not clear how birds respond to increasing levels of expansion of invasive species in native species stands. Moreover, bird responses to plant invasions seem to depend on the ecological characteristics of individual bird species. This study contributes to elucidation of this problem; I investigated the impacts of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) invasion on bird communities in three types of forest stands with different levels of invasion: in stands containing solely the native oak (Quercus spp.), in partially invaded stands with different proportions of black locust and oak (mixed stands) and in pure black locust stands. Previous studies that examined birds in pure oak and pure black locust stands have found that they differ markedly in vegetation structure, but not in the total number of bird species. However, habitat specialists were associated with the oak stands, while generalists with the black locust stands. Therefore, I predicted that (1) the total species richness will be...
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