Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1948 W4 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 R422 / Master of Science

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-91). Also available via the Internet.

A jabuticaba é fruto tropical com propriedades nutricionais importantes, sendo excelente fonte de carboidratos, fibras, compostos fenólicos e minerais como ferro, cálcio e fósforo. Esse fruto e suas frações podem ter extensa aplicabilidade tanto para a indústria, como para a comercialização e consumo in natura. Pesquisas apontam que a maior fração de espécies biologicamente ativas da jabuticaba encontra-se na casca, podendo viabilizar seu uso para elaboração de um produto como alternativa de aproveitamento da mesma, possibilitando a produção de alimentos com propriedades funcionais. Tal iniciativa permite avançar com estudos direcionados aos compostos bioativos presentes tanto na fruta como nos produtos derivados, bem como avaliar a influência do processamento nestes compostos. Com base no exposto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os compostos bioativos da casca de jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) e dos remanescentes na farinha da casca de jabuticaba para posterior aplicação em biscoito tipo cookie. A variação entre os teores destes compostos presentes na casca e na farinha da casca de jabuticaba também foram avaliados. O estudo foi realizado por meio de análises físico-químicas dos extratos hidroalcoólicos da casca e farinha deste, sendo elas, umidade, proteína, lipídeos, cinzas, fibras, carboidratos, valor calórico, acidez total titulável, pH, compostos bioativos (fenóis, flavonóides, antocianinas, taninos condensados) e atividade antioxidante por três métodos distintos (DPPH expresso em TEAC, DPPH expresso em EC50 e FRAP). A casca demonstrou ser rica em compostos fenólicos, dentre eles, antocianinas, flavonóides e taninos condensados, reforçando que a composição apresentou teores consideráveis de atividade antioxidante, tanto no sequestro como na interação com radicais livres. Também apresentou altos teores de umidade e conteúdos consideráveis de fibras e carboidratos. A farinha da casca de jabuticaba apresentou umidade condizente com a legislação e teores consideráveis de carboidratos, compostos fenólicos em geral e atividade antioxidante, além de ser fonte de fibras. Também se observou na mesma a concentração dos compostos analisados devido à desidratação das cascas e outros fatores. A partir da farinha foram elaborados biscoitos tipo cookie com substituições de 0,0, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5% de farinha de trigo integral por farinha da casca de jabuticaba e os mesmos avaliados físico-quimicamente através das mesmas variáveis utilizadas na casca e farinha. Posteriormente foram avaliados microbiologicamente antes de serem encaminhados à análise sensorial, já aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética, onde foram realizados testes de aceitação e intenção de compra. Os cookies obtiverem teores de umidade condizentes com a legislação, além de revelarem-se fonte de proteínas e fibras. Todas as formulações apresentaram redução na concentração dos compostos bioativos devido ao processo de cocção, porém também houve manutenção de teores desejáveis de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante. Os resultados sensoriais permitem concluir que todas as amostras foram aceitas, comparadas ao padrão. A formulação com 7,5% de farinha da casca de jabuticaba foi considerada ideal para adicionar em biscoitos tipo cookie, pois resultou em maiores teores de compostos fenólicos e também em maiores níveis de ação antioxidante, resultando em produto com conteúdo de propriedades biologicamente ativas elevado, sem interferir na qualidade sensorial e nos padrões de identidade do mesmo. / The jabuticaba is a tropical fruit with important nutritional properties, and excellent source of carbohydrates, fiber, phenolic compounds and minerals like iron, calcium and phosphorus. This fruit and its fractions may have extensive applicability both for industry and for the commercialization and consumption in natura. Research indicates that the greatest fraction of the jabuticaba biologically active species is in the skin, may enable their use for production of a product as an alternative use of the same, enabling the production of foods with functional properties. This allows forward with studies directed to the bioactive compounds present in both the fruit as in derivatives and to evaluate the influence of processing these compounds. Based on the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds from the jabuticaba skin (Plinia cauliflora) and remaining in the jabuticaba flour skin for later use in biscuit type cookie. The variance between the levels of these compounds in the jabuticaba skin and flour skin were also evaluated. The study was conducted by means of physicochemical analysis of hydroalcoholic extracts of the skin and flour, they being, moisture, protein, lipid, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, calories, total titratable acidity, pH, bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, condensed tannins) and antioxidant activity by three different methods (DPPH expressed in EC50, DPPH expressed in TEAC and FRAP). The skin has proved to be rich in phenolic compounds, among them, anthocyanins, flavonoids and condensed tannins, reinforcing that the composition showed considerable levels of antioxidant activity in both the scavenging and the interaction with free radicals. Also showed high levels of moisture and considerable content of fiber and carbohydrates. The jabuticaba flour skin showed consistent moisture with legislation and considerable amounts of carbohydrates, overall phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, besides being a source of fiber. It is also noted there in the concentration of the analyzed compounds due to dehydration of the skins and other factors. From flour, biscuits type cookie were prepared with substitutions of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% whole wheat flour for jabuticaba skin flour and they assessed physicochemical form with the same variables used in the skin and flour. Subsequently were evaluated microbiologically before being forwarded to the sensory analysis, already approved by the Ethics Committee, where acceptance and purchase intent tests were performed. Cookies obtain moisture levels consistent with the law, apart from revealing the source of protein and fiber. All formulations showed reduction in the concentration of bioactive compounds due to the cooking process, but also there was maintenance of desirable levels of phenolics and antioxidant activity. Sensory results showed that all samples were accepted, compared to the standard. The formulation with 7.5 % jabuticaba skin flour was considered ideal for adding in biscuits type cookie, as showed higher content of phenolic compounds and also in higher levels of antioxidant activity, resulting in products with high content of biologically active properties without interfering with the sensory quality and standards of identity.

Orientador: Magali Leonel / Banca: Regina Marta Evangelista / Banca: Alice Yoshiko Tanaka / Banca: Marie Oshiiwa / Banca: Fernanda Rossi Moretti Trombini / Resumo: Diante do crescente mercado para produtos sem glúten e de rápido preparo, da possibilidade de valorização da fécula de mandioca e farinha de arroz como ingredientes para estes produtos, e da importância da tecnologia de extrusão para o desenvolvimento destes; este trabalho objetivou desenvolver produtos extrusados sem glúten de arroz e mandioca através de processamento por extrusão. A fécula, a farinha de arroz e as misturas destas foram analisadas quanto à composição centesimal, cor, índices de solubilidade e absorção deáguae propriedades de pasta. Após estas análises realizou-se o processamento por extrusão em extrusor mono rosca seguindo delineamento central composto rotacional para quatro fatores: porcentagem de fécula de mandioca em mistura com a farinha de arroz, umidade das misturas, temperatura na 3ª zona do canhão de extrusão e rotação da rosca. Os produtos expandidos extrusados obtidos foram analisados para índice de expansão, volume específico e dureza. Realizou-se a moagem dos produtos expandidos para a obtenção das farinhas pré-cozidas e estas foram analisadas para cor, índices de solubilidade e absorção de água. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatísticamente e evidenciaram elevado teor de amido na fécula de mandioca (81,79 %) e proteína (7,32 %) na farinha de arroz. A fécula de mandioca mostrou maior índice de absorção de água em relação á farinha de arroz, e propriedades de pasta com baixa viscosidade a frio, elevado pico, baixa resistência ao calor e agitação e elevada tendência a 2 retrogradação ao contrário da farinha de arroz. Sendo assim, a mistura das duas farinhas nas diferentes porcentagens levou a alterações nas características físicas das misturas. Dentre os parâmetros variáveis de extrusão a porcentagem de fécula de mandioca na mistura foi o de maior efeito, seguida pela umidade. Em produtos expandidos ... / Abstract: Faced with the growing market for gluten-free products, the possibility of enhancement of cassava starch and rice flour asan ingredient for these products, and the importance of extrusion technology for the development of these; this study aimed to develop gluten-free products of rice and cassava through processing by extrusion. The cassava starch, rice flour and mixtures of these were analyzed for chemical composition, color, water solubility index, water absorption and pasting properties. After this analysis processing was performed by extrusion in single screw extruder. The extrusion process followed the central rotational design for four factors: percentage of cassava starch mixed with rice flour, moisture of mixtures, temperature in 3rd zone of the extrusion barrel and screw speed. The extruded expanded products obtained were analyzed for the expansion index, specific volume and hardness. It was performed grinding of the expanded product to obtain the pre-cooked flour and these were analyzed for color, water solubility index and water absorption index. The results were statistically analyzed and showed high starch content in cassava starch (81.79%) and protein (7.32%) in rice flour. The cassava starch showed higher water absorption index that rice flour, paste properties with low cold viscosity, high peak, high breakdown and high retrogradation tendency. The rice flour showed higher water solubility index and pasting properties with values below those observed for cassava starch. Thus, the mixture of two flours in different percentages led to changes in the physical characteristics of the mixtures. About the effects of extruding variable parameters on the physical properties of the extruded products it was observed that the percentage of cassava starch in the mixture had the greatest effect, followed by moisture. In expanded products are desirable high rates of expansion and specific volume and ... / Doutor

Dough strengtheners are the most common and largest group of chemicals used in bread formulations. This study evaluated the capability of hard red spring (HRS) wheat flour to replace commercial dough strengtheners in bread production. Doughs were prepared by blending different percentages (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) of four different HRS wheat flours with hard red winter (HRW) wheat flour. In addition, doughs were prepared by adding ten commercially available additives with HRW wheat flour to compare the dough strengthening ability of HRS wheat flour. All the HRS wheat flour blends had significantly (p<0.05) strong dough rheological characteristics than most of the additives. The 40% blends of HRS wheat cultivar Glenn and Linkert had better bread making quality than other blends and all the additives. The SE-HPLC unextractable protein fractions of these two cultivars also showed a better correlation with bread making properties than all the additives.

The purpose of this research was to determine whether all-purpose flour could be partially replaced with locust bean gum (LBG) and guar gum, and produce an acceptable bread product. A pilot study determined that up to 4% gum replacement for flour was feasible. All bread treatments were evaluated objectively by standing height, texture, color, and cell size. Moisture determinations were obtained for each bread variation. Sensory quality was examined by consumer testing. The amount of heat required to break the hydrogen bonds in amylopectin, indicative of bread staling, was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for all bread treatments. Two percent LBG replacement significantly increased standing height. Firmness of bread increased with an increase in gum; the 4% guar bread was significantly firmer. Crumb color was not significantly different for any of the five bread treatments. Crust color, however, was significantly lighter for the control in comparison to the 2 and 4% guar, and 4% LBG breads. Two percent guar produced a more even cell size distribution throughout the bread crumb. For all 5 bread formulations moistures were not significantly different. Sensory evaluation determined a significant difference between the control and 4% LBG. The 4% LBG bread was preferred, although not significantly. Both gums were found to retard bread staling and 2% LBG was the most effective in lengthening the shelf life of the bread product. Objective and sensory evaluation indicated both gums produced acceptable bread products for consumer consumption and possible use in further research. / Master of Science

The purpose of this research was to incorporate a potato product into bread as a partial replacement for wheat flour and to describe a collaborative process for the development of bread products in three Soviet communities. Six potato flake breads and six cooked-mashed potato breads, with and without added gluten, were evaluated in a pilot study. Consumer acceptance scores indicated no significant differences among the twelve bread products. Four bread products, 29% and 45% cooked-mashed potato breads without added gluten, 15% potato flake bread with added gluten, and a 100% wheat flour bread, were selected for objective measurements, descriptive sensory evaluation, and central location acceptance testing. The four breads were not significantly different in the objective measurements of standing height, percent protein and amino acid content The three potato breads had the highest moisture percent loss on day 1. Texture analysis indicated the 45% bread had the highest texture measurements from the day of baking through day 4. The control "rapid" bread had the lowest analysis of freshness measurements. Staling, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, indicated the potato breads had significantly reduced staling rates when compared to 100% wheat flour bread. Eleven trained panelists judged ten characteristics of the control and potato breads. The panelists perceived the potato breads to be more moist than the control. The other sensory characteristics of the control and potato breads were judged as similar. Central location acceptance testing in Alaska and the Soviet Far East indicated that the potato breads were acceptable and consumers indicated they would buy the breads if they were available. Across all locations the locally purchased control bread was liked significantly less than the potato breads. A collaborative process was designed for development of food products in Soviet and Alaskan communities. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kawauchi_im_dr_jabo.pdf: 499820 bytes, checksum: 080a7eb37337b58fd7c2aab2abd15abd (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os objetivos da presente tese foram avaliar o panorama qualitativo e determinar, por meio de métodos in vivo e in vitro, o valor nutricional da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO) e da farinha de vísceras de aves (FVA) para cães, além de estabelecer equações para predição da energia metabolizável (EM) destes alimentos com base em seus respectivos constituintes químicos e na solubilidade em pepsina. Objetivou-se ademais padronizar para cães a metodologia de solubilidade em pepsina da FCO e da FVA. Procedeu-se à ampla amostragem das FCO e FVA comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo - Brasil, sendo avaliadas 15 FCO e 15 FVA em relação às suas características qualitativas e, destas, oito farinhas de cada tipo foram avaliadas também em ensaio de digestibilidade com cães. Foram realizados dois ensaios de digestibilidade pelo método de coleta total de fezes e urina e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e EM dos alimentos determinados pelo método de substituição. Em cada ensaio foram utilizados 18 cães adultos da raça beagle, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três blocos (período), nove dietas e duas repetições por dieta. Formulou-se uma dieta basal e dietas teste foram obtidas pela mistura de 700 g/kg da dieta basal e 300 g/kg de cada uma das farinhas avaliadas. Foi determinada a solubilidade da proteína dos ingredientes em pepsina nas concentrações de 0,02%, 0,002% e 0,0002%. Tanto a FCO como a FVA apresentaram características qualitativas adequadas, com exceção de contaminação por Salmonella spp. por algumas amostras. A FCO apresentou reduzidos valores de digestibilidade e de EM, ao contrário da FVA, para a qual verificaram-se bons resultados. A solubilidade da proteína da FCO e da FVA em pepsina a 0,0002% e a 0,02%, respectivamente, são métodos qualitativos válidos. A EM em MJ/kg de FCO e de... / This study aimed to evaluate the quality and to determine by in vivo and in vitro methods the nutritional value of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PM) for dogs, and to establish prediction equations for metabolizable energy (ME) of these foods based on their chemical composition and on the protein solubility in pepsin. Moreover this study aimed to standardize the protein solubility in pepsin methodology of MBM and PM for dogs. MBM and PM marketed in Sao Paulo State – Brazil were sampled and it were evaluated 15 MBM samples and 15 PM samples to assess their qualitative characteristics and eight of each type of meal were evaluated in the digestibility trial with dogs. It were carried out two digestibility trials by the total collection of feces and urine method and nutrient digestibility and energy values of foods it were determined by the substitution method. In each trial, 18 adult beagle dogs were distributed in a randomized block design with three blocks (period), nine diets and two replicates per diet. It was formulated a basal diet and test diets were obtained by blending 700 g/kg of the basal diet and 300 g/kg of each of the meals evaluated. It was determined the protein solubility in pepsin at 0.02%, 0.002% and 0.0002%. Both the MBM as PM presented appropriate qualitative characteristics, except for Salmonella spp. contamination by some samples. The MBM presented reduced digestibility and ME values for dogs, as opposed to PM, which presented good results. The protein solubility in pepsin at 0.0002% and 0.02% for MBM and PM respectively, are valuable qualitative methods. ME in MJ/kg of both... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)