Zugl.: Fort Collins, Colorado State Univ., Diss., 2007

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Carleton University, 1992. Accompanying material: 2 maps and 1 chart folded in pocket. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Os ostracodes são microcrustáceos predominantemente bentônicos que deixaram rico registro fóssil, constituindo-se em importante ferramenta para a interpretação paleoambiental e bioestratigráfica. Estudos que tratam dos ostracodes recentes são de grande importância à Paleomicrontologia, pois muitos gêneros e até mesmo espécies do Cenozoico ainda são encontrados nos mares atuais. Diversos estudos versam sobre os Ostracoda na plataforma continental e talude superior no Brasil, mas são raras as pesquisas nas águas mais rasas do infralitoral. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e ilustrar a riqueza de espécies ao longo de uma ampla área litorânea do sul do Brasil, cuja costa é formada por numerosas pequenas praias guardadas por promontórios rochosos. Discutir aspectos relacionados à zoo- e à paleozoogeografia em especial dos elementos autóctones desta ostracofauna, além de introduzir a discussão sobre a fidelidade composicional entre associação viva e morta na área de estudo, estão entre os objetivos subsequentes.Dezoito famílias, 33 gêneros e 46 espécies foram identificados nesse estudo. A família Hemicytheridae é a mais representativa com 18 espécies, seguida por Cytheruridae com seis espécies. Duas espécies do gênero Xestoleberis Sars foram identificadas como prováveis novos táxons para Xestoleberididae. Preliminarmente, a fidelidade composicional é baixa, com maior riqueza na associação morta, bem como grande dominância e baixa riqueza na associação viva, um padrão esperado para zonas marinhas rasas como o infralitoral. / Ostracoda are microcrustaceans with predominantly benthic habit which exhibit an abundant fossil record and constitute an important tool for paleoenvironmental and biostratigraphic studies. Research about recent ostracodes are extremely relevant to Paleomicrontology since many genera and even species from Cenozoic are still found nowadays. Several studies on Ostracoda from Brazil have focused on continental shelf and upper slope. The present work aims to identify and illustrate the species richness over a broad coastal area from southern Brazil, which coast is represented by numerous small sandy beaches guarded by rock promontories. Also, discuss zoo- and paleozoogeographic aspects, mainly related to autochthonous elements of this ostracofauna, and to introduce the discussion of compositional fidelity between living and dead ostracode assemblages, are among the subsequent objectives. Eighteen families, 33 genera and 46 species were identified. The family Hemicytheridae is the most representative with 18 species followed by Cytheruridae with six species. Two Xestoleberididae species herein identified are probably new taxa. A preliminary analysis showed low compositional fidelity with richness higher in death than in living assemblages. The living assemblage showed high dominance and low richness. This pattern is common for shallow marine zones such the infralittoral.

Os ostracodes são microcrustáceos predominantemente bentônicos que deixaram rico registro fóssil, constituindo-se em importante ferramenta para a interpretação paleoambiental e bioestratigráfica. Estudos que tratam dos ostracodes recentes são de grande importância à Paleomicrontologia, pois muitos gêneros e até mesmo espécies do Cenozoico ainda são encontrados nos mares atuais. Diversos estudos versam sobre os Ostracoda na plataforma continental e talude superior no Brasil, mas são raras as pesquisas nas águas mais rasas do infralitoral. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e ilustrar a riqueza de espécies ao longo de uma ampla área litorânea do sul do Brasil, cuja costa é formada por numerosas pequenas praias guardadas por promontórios rochosos. Discutir aspectos relacionados à zoo- e à paleozoogeografia em especial dos elementos autóctones desta ostracofauna, além de introduzir a discussão sobre a fidelidade composicional entre associação viva e morta na área de estudo, estão entre os objetivos subsequentes.Dezoito famílias, 33 gêneros e 46 espécies foram identificados nesse estudo. A família Hemicytheridae é a mais representativa com 18 espécies, seguida por Cytheruridae com seis espécies. Duas espécies do gênero Xestoleberis Sars foram identificadas como prováveis novos táxons para Xestoleberididae. Preliminarmente, a fidelidade composicional é baixa, com maior riqueza na associação morta, bem como grande dominância e baixa riqueza na associação viva, um padrão esperado para zonas marinhas rasas como o infralitoral. / Ostracoda are microcrustaceans with predominantly benthic habit which exhibit an abundant fossil record and constitute an important tool for paleoenvironmental and biostratigraphic studies. Research about recent ostracodes are extremely relevant to Paleomicrontology since many genera and even species from Cenozoic are still found nowadays. Several studies on Ostracoda from Brazil have focused on continental shelf and upper slope. The present work aims to identify and illustrate the species richness over a broad coastal area from southern Brazil, which coast is represented by numerous small sandy beaches guarded by rock promontories. Also, discuss zoo- and paleozoogeographic aspects, mainly related to autochthonous elements of this ostracofauna, and to introduce the discussion of compositional fidelity between living and dead ostracode assemblages, are among the subsequent objectives. Eighteen families, 33 genera and 46 species were identified. The family Hemicytheridae is the most representative with 18 species followed by Cytheruridae with six species. Two Xestoleberididae species herein identified are probably new taxa. A preliminary analysis showed low compositional fidelity with richness higher in death than in living assemblages. The living assemblage showed high dominance and low richness. This pattern is common for shallow marine zones such the infralittoral.

The patterns and rates of forest regeneration on a critical wildlife winter range on the floor of the trench, known locally as Premier Ridge were examined in this study. A nearby western wall of the trench was also investigated to ascertain the effect of elevation on forest regeneration and understory productivity. Forest regeneration in a community which has remained unforested for several as years has pronounced effects on the floristic dynamics and productivity of the understory. On Premier Ridge the greatest floristic change was a rapid increase in pinegrass and a. corresponding decrease in the abundance of all other grass species as the forest regeneration progressed. Forbs varied widely in abundance while shrubs were slower to react to changes in the overstory. Similar trends were observed on Estella Mountain. Productivity of the grass component on the unforested sites was four times that of the forested sites. The production of forbs and some species of shrubs also declined as forest regrowth began. One species, bearberry, increased under light forest canopies. The reduction in productivity and the changes in species composition of-the understory which occur in regenerating forest communities, appear to be detrimental to foraging populations of wild and domestic ungulates. Cattle seem to prefer to graze the open, unforested areas, and as regeneration proceeds, the acreage which they will readily use diminishes. Since there have been few reductions in stock numbers to compensate for this range shrinkage, local overgrazing has become more widespread. The regrowth of the forest reduces the grass, both in terms of quality and quantity. This is the most important component in the diet of cattle and most of the wildlife species using the Premier Ridge area. In addition, bitterbrush, used in the summer by cattle and during the winter by big game species, is quickly eliminated by forest regeneration. Bearberry, which may be used by wildlife to some extent, increases under forest cover. This component does not approach in value or usefulness, the losses that the other components represent to grazing animals. The trees of the south and southwestern aspects are characterized by relatively slow growth rates. Forage production on these slopes is modest; if grazing animals are deemed desirable in the future economy of the East Kootenay, these areas should remain treeless. Growth rates are more favourable on the north and northeast aspects, which are less frequently used as foraging areas by winter wildlife, but may be used as shelter or bedding areas. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

ABSTRACT An Analysis Of Human Disturbance To Rocky Intertidal Communities Of San Luis Obispo County Grant Tyler Waltz The number of coastal areas open to public access in California and San Luis Obispo County is increasing due to the acquisition by California State Parks of land previously owned by private entities. For example, California State Parks acquired property from the Hearst Corporation in 2005, which included 18 miles of coastline. California State Parks is responsible for providing public access in these newly acquired areas and also for maintaining the health of the natural systems found on these properties. Part of the California State Parks’ strategic vision maintains that they seek to consider the impacts of every decision they make on the next seven generations of Californians. To balance the competing demand of providing access with long-term sustainability, State Parks managers require sound scientific data to evaluate the impacts of human access to the ecosystems they manage. One ecosystem susceptible to human access in these new State Park areas and in other areas throughout the state is the rocky intertidal (e.g. Beauchamp and Gowing 1982, Ghazanshahi et al. 1983, Hockey and Bosman 1986, Povey and Keough 1991, Addessi 1994, Fletcher and Frid 1996, Brown and Taylor 1999, Murray et al. 1999, Van De Werfhorst and Pearse 2007). This thesis represents a collaborative effort between State Parks Managers scientists at California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, and scientists at Tenera Environmental Inc. to provide sound scientific data on the impacts of visitors to rocky intertidal biological communities in San Luis Obispo County. A three-pronged approach was used to assess the effect of visitors to rocky intertidal communities: 1) an observational study to quantify visitor densities in publicly accessible rocky intertidal communities, 2) an experimental manipulation of visitor density to rocky intertidal communities based on the visitor densities observed in part 1 and used to identify organisms susceptible to foot traffic (access-indicator taxa), and 3) an observational study of publicly accessible rocky intertidal sites exposed to levels of foot traffic shown to cause declines in access-indicator taxa from part 2. I was involved with all three portions of the study and my thesis is focused on presenting and discussing parts 1 and 3 in detail. Visitor counts and the observational access-indicator taxa study (parts 1 and 3) were conducted in Montaña de Oro State Park (MDO) in San Luis Obispo County from 2007-2009. There was abundant accessible rocky intertidal coastline in the park. Three popular rocky intertidal sites were chosen within the park to conduct visitor counts. Visitors were quantified from fixed locations on the bluff above each of the three observation sites on sixteen occasions during the course of three years. These counts were used to estimate the annual number of visitors to each site. The area of each intertidal observation site was also calculated and with the annual number of visitors, was used to calculate the annual density of visitors to the rocky intertidal at each site. This represents a novel approach to quantifying visitor numbers to rocky intertidal communities. Additionally, I examined whether there was a relationship between the number of cars entering the park and the density of rocky intertidal visitors or between the number of cars parked at each site and the density of rocky intertidal visitors. The annual density of visitors at one of the observation sites in MDO, Hazard Reef, was shown to be approximately equal to the moderate treatment level from the experimental study (part 2). This moderate level of visitor density was shown to significantly reduce the abundance of five rocky intertidal taxa: rockweed (Silvetia compressa, Hesperophycus californicus, and Fucus gardneri), Endocladia muricata, Mastocarpus papillatus, limpets, and chitons. To assess whether long-term exposure to foot traffic could impact the abundance of access-indicator taxa in MDO, the abundance of these taxa was sampled at Hazard Reef and compared to the abundance of the same taxa at two adjacent sites with much lower annual densities of visitors. A stratified random sampling design was used to assess the abundance of the five access-indicator taxa found in the mid-intertidal zone at these three sites in the spring of 2009. My work demonstrated that visitor densities and patterns of use were variable among the three accessed intertidal sites in MDO. Annual visitor numbers to the rocky intertidal for the three observation sites within MDO were between 3,000-5,000 people. There was no relationship between the number of cars entering the park and the annual density of visitors to the rocky intertidal. The number of parked cars was significantly related to visitor density at one study site suggesting that under specific circumstances, controlling parking lot size may be a viable approach to managing impacts to intertidal areas. Significant differences in limpet density (60 per m2) were detected in a moderately accessed intertidal site relative to adjacent and less visited sites. The abundance of combined algae and limpets were lower at the moderate use site when the lower use sites were compared together against it. Patterns of rocky intertidal habitat use and the estimated annual visitor density suggest that some areas in San Luis Obispo County may be exposed to damaging levels of visitors. The current study identified that the abundance of one out of five experimentally identified access-indicator taxa (Rockweed, Mastocarpus papillatus, Endocladia muricata, Limpets, and Chitons) had been significantly reduced at a popular rocky intertidal site, relative to adjacent and less visited sites.

This study addresses the availability of total solar irradiance at the earth's surface during varying weather conditions . Two years of irradiance and meteorological data were collected at mountain and valley sites along 40° North latitude in the Rocky Mountains of Utah and Colorado. Generalized cases of recurring seasonal weather episodes and the associated t o t al irradiance a re identified and discussed , including local mesoscale phenomena (orographic clouds , valley fog, etc.) unique to mountainous regions . The generalized cases can be useful in long- range energy assessment planning. The east and west slopes of the Rocky Mountains are shown to have similar annual average solar energy potential , however the seasonal differences reveal unique climates which require different considerations for each slope. Short -term relationships between cloudiness and t o t al irradiance are developed for the mountainous region, providing a tool for forecasting solar irradiance using a cloudiness forecast. Total irradiance is shown to correlate much better to opaque sky cover than co total cloud cover . The relationships on the east and west slopes are similar , however greater variations a re observed with elevation between the moun t ain and valley sites . Short- term forecasting of irradiance is found to be limited due t o unreliable cloudiness fore-casting techniques , tho ugh satellite imagery trajectories are more reliable than numerical methods.

As many veterans of musical theatre strive to keep a stronghold on the traditional form of the art with shows like "Oklahoma," "Show Boat" and "Carousel," we must recognize the life of said art form must also appeal to the mindset of new generations. In 1973, a rock musical began making waves in London's theatrical community. "The Rocky Horror Show" was like nothing anyone had seen before. The show had a plot but was presented like a rock show. The characters paid homage to a youthful faction of society wanting to express its individualism. Musicals continue to explore new avenues and bring new faces to the theatre. Shows such as "Rent," "Saturday Night Fever" and "Wicked" have garnered interest from a younger audience. Songs from these shows are appealing to the masses just as the songs from "Oklahoma" and "Carousel" did in the 1940's. A growing interest in musical theatre by the younger population can pique their interest in discovering other musicals. One way to satisfy this piqued interest is by infusing a youthful or modern energy to shows that can be adapted to the senses of this younger generation. "Oklahoma" or "Carousel" might not adapt well by being set in the 21st century. But "The Rocky Horror Show" already exudes a timeless energy with its nod to popular culture (its rock music influence). As musical theatre transforms with its audiences, so can some of its well-known shows.

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