Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Dallas, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-301)

Background The Chinese market has been undergoing changes due to Chinas entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the government’s Open-Door Policy. As a result the Chinese markets attractiveness has escalated and consequently an increasing number of foreign companies have entered including Swedish ones. Since the Chinese culture differs to a large extent from the Swedish, the difference can affect business behavior and especially adver-tising decisions. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explore the role which culture plays in advertising with a sample of Swedish companies in different industries which have established themselves in China. Method A qualitative method was utilized when gathering the empirical findings. The researchers contacted a wide selection of companies which, then was narrowed down to four that fit the purpose. Primarily face to face and telephone interviews were conducted. All the recipients were in managerial positions. Samples of the advertisements were gathered in order to illustrate the result. Results This thesis aims to demonstrate that culture plays a role in advertising for the selected Swedish companies in China. This difference can lead to adjustments in advertising and brand image strategy. The degree of adjustment may vary across companies.

<p>Background</p><p>The Chinese market has been undergoing changes due to Chinas entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the government’s Open-Door Policy. As a result the Chinese markets attractiveness has escalated and consequently an increasing number of foreign companies have entered including Swedish ones. Since the Chinese culture differs to a large extent from the Swedish, the difference can affect business behavior and especially adver-tising decisions.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore the role which culture plays in advertising with a sample of Swedish companies in different industries which have established themselves in China.</p><p>Method</p><p>A qualitative method was utilized when gathering the empirical findings. The researchers contacted a wide selection of companies which, then was narrowed down to four that fit the purpose. Primarily face to face and telephone interviews were conducted. All the recipients were in managerial positions. Samples of the advertisements were gathered in order to illustrate the result.</p><p>Results</p><p>This thesis aims to demonstrate that culture plays a role in advertising for the selected Swedish companies in China. This difference can lead to adjustments in advertising and brand image strategy. The degree of adjustment may vary across companies.</p>

No description available.

For the Australian heritage manager, management of a place is a value-laden enterprise with a vast degree of difference between values. Decisions regarding management of Australian heritage sites require knowledge of the site and the degree of significance that the place holds – whether archaeological, scientific, social, and / or historic. Attitudes towards heritage and its level of importance may be affected by a person’s cultural background. Understanding visitors, including an appreciation of their differing values of importance regarding heritage, is needed so that appropriate management decisions can be implemented. Knowledge of the type(s) of methodology to best ascertain cross-cultural differences appears to be limited. It would appear that methodological guidelines in undertaking cross-cultural research are mostly limited to language translation, conceptual and experiential equivalency, with measurement equivalency the most difficult to achieve between Asian and Western cultures. The investigation concentrated on the countries of Japan and the USA. In terms of both cultural and heritage visitor numbers and greatest expenditure per night, these two countries are amongst Australia’s top four. The USA is comparatively young, only a few hundred years old in regards to its built heritage sites, whereas Japan has a longer history, being a few thousand years old. Control groups in each country were also included so that if any influences from the research sites occurred, the control group would allow a more objective indication of cultural backgrounds. From the results, attitudes towards heritage are influenced by cultural backgrounds. The results indicate that first and foremost, Americans value and place greater importance upon culturally built heritage, whilst the Japanese value and place greater importance upon the intangible – the stories of the place, the people and the social values of the time. From the research, a conceptual and strategic framework for the Australian heritage manager regarding marketing to these two cultural groups is proposed.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-256). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

The problem addressed in this study is the difference in patterns of verbal and non-verbal communication across gender and generational groups, specifically between members of traditional and urban communities. These differences, it is argued, are linked to differences in values, attitudes, beliefs, views, etc., i.e. cultural differences, between the groups. Misunderstanding in such communicative interaction arises because people are unaware of the role of cultural differences in the construction and interpretation of texts/cases of language use, for example, the gender differences in the way men and women from different age groups and different habitats (rural vs. urban) can generate misunderstanding. In the Ndebele community, there is a marked diversity in communication patterns and practices by gender. These differences in communication patterns between men and women are socially constructed and are related to power. For example, women are not expected to maintain eye contact with their male counterparts in mutual conversation. Where they disregard these communicative norms, it would be regarded as socially unacceptable and such behaviour would be regarded as disrespectful by the traditional members of the society. Non-verbal behaviour may also impede effective communication because there are different systems of using and understanding gesture, posture, silence, touch and physical appearance in different gender, age and rural/urban communities. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The AIDS epidemic presently engulfing South Africa is mostly based on heterosexual transmission. This paper discusses the male role in African culture in the HIV and AIDS context. Issues facing African women, domestic violence in particular, remain a pervasive problem. Women have not yet reached a level of equality and are still being dominated by their male partners. Women’s subordination can be directly linked to the increasing number of women becoming infected with HIV/AIDS, especially within the African cultural context. Culture plays a vital role in determining the level of health of the individual, the family and the community. This is particularly relevant in the context of Africa, where the values of extended family and community significantly influence the behaviour of the individual. The behaviour of the individual in relation to family and community is one major cultural factor that has implications for sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts. As the impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa remains unabated, a culture-centred approach to prevention, care and support is increasingly desirable as a critical strategy. The focus of prevention of the heterosexual AIDS epidemic has been on women. The role of men in sexual decision-making has not been emphasized enough in AIDS prevention approaches. As a result, the heterosexual epidemic for women continues unabated because of the lack of attention to the behaviour of male sex partners. Discussion focuses on the cultural and contemporary sexual culture as shaping factors in the enactment of high-risk sexual behaviour. There are numerous social, political, cultural and economic factors affecting the HIV pandemic in the SA region. The main ones are: low status of women and male dominance in sexual and economic relations; sexual abuse (of particularly young girls); historic and current separation of families resulting from the migrant labour system which resulted in multiple sexual partners; high use of sex workers due to single-sex quarters at the workplace; cultural resistance to the use of condoms; high rates of other STD’s; and high levels of poverty and other inequalities such as health access and education. Stigma about HIV is also a barrier to reaching the most vulnerable, including those already infected. The paper draws the conclusion that discrimination against women, coupled with male dominance in all aspects of social structures; polygamous marriages were prescribed and supervised by maledominated social structures has increased the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the African cultural context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die HIV/Vigs pandemie wat tans Suid Afrika oorweldig is meestal die gevolg van heteroseksuele oordrag. Hierdie verhandeling bespreek die manlike rol in die Afrika kultuur in die konteks van MIV en Vigs. Aspekte wat die Afrika vroue in die gesig staar in terme van gesinsgeweld bly `n aanhoudende probleem. Vroue word steeds deur hul manlike maats gedomineer word en dus steeds nie `n vlak van gelykheid bereik het nie. Die onderdrukking van vroue kan direk gekoppel word aan die toenemende aantal vroue wat met MIV/Vigs geïnfekteer word – veral in die Afrika konteks. Kultuur speel ʼn kritieke rol in die bepaling van die gesondheidsvlak van die individu, gesin en gemeenskap. Dit is besonder relevant in die Afrika konteks, waar die waardes van `n uitgebreide gesin en gemeenskap ʼn enorme invloed het op die optrede van `n individu. Hierdie optrede in verhouding tot die gesin en gemeenskap is `n geweldige factor wat implikasies het op seksuele gedrag en op pogings tot voorkoming en beheer van MIV/Vigs. Terwyl die impak van MIV/Vigs in Suid Afrika ongesteurd voortstu, word `n kultuur gesentreerde benadering tot voorkoming, versorging en ondersteuning toenemend nodig as `n kritieke strategie. Die fokus op die voorkoming van die heteroseksuele Vigs pandemie was tot nou toe op vroue. Die rol van mans in seksuele besluitneming was tot dusvêr nie voldoende beklemtoon in Vigs voorkomende benaderings nie. Die gevolg is dat die heteroseksuele Vigs pandemie vir vroue ongesteurd voortduur weens die gebrek aan aandag op die gedrag van manlike seksmaats. Bespreking fokus op die kulturele en kontemporêre seksuele kultuur as vormende faktore in die uitvoer van hoë risiko seksuele gedrag. Daar is verskeie sosiale, politieke, kulturele en ekonomiese faktore wat die MIV/Vigs pandemie in die streek beïnvloed. Die belangrikstes is: lae status van vroue; manlike dominasie in seksuele en ekonomiese verhoudings; seksuele mishandeling – veral van jong meisies; historiese en huidige skeiding van gesinne voortspruitend uit die stelsel van trekarbeid – wat aanleiding gegee het tot `n verskeidenheid van seksuele maats; die hoë voorkoms van sekswerkers agv enkelgeslag woonkwartiere by die werksplek; kulturele weerstand teen die gebruik van kondome; hoë voorkoms van seksueel oordraagbare siektes; hoë vlakke van armoede en ander ongelykhede soos toegang tot gesondheidsdienste en onderwys. Die stigma van MIV/Vigs is ook `n hindernis in die bereiking van die mees kwesbare, insluitend die wat geïnfekteer is. Hierdie verhandeling maak die gevolgtrekking dat diskriminasie teen vroue, gekoppel met manlike dominasie in alle aspekte van sosiale strukture; poligamiese huwelike wat voorgeskryf word en onder toesig is van manlik gedomineerde sosiale strukture, die voorkoms van MIV/Vigs in die Afrika kulturele konteks verhoog het.