This paper presents different aspects of architect Aldo Rossi's thought related to analogy. The idea of type which is central to The Architecture of the City, is reinterpreted here in relation with Rossi's ideas about analogy which are proposed in A Scientific Autobiography. The influence of Etienne-Louis Boullee and Ernesto Rogers are discussed. Rossi's architectural type is related to Carl Jung's archetype whose numinous and compulsive aspects relate type to Rossi's ideas about architecture as instrument or apparatus. The theme of the cabine and the sea, and that of deposition are analyzed in order to illustrate the ideas above. The deposition introduces a discussion of Rossi's ambivalence about the role of type and the possibilities of architecture today. Finally, the moral and political aspects of these theories about analogy is presented in relation Rossi's ideas of the analogous city and of technique.

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The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the stylistic development of the Italian architect Aldo Rossi from Modern to Post-Modern design. A summary of the Modern architectural movement is presented along with an analysis of the developments in Post-Modern architecture since 1960. The influence of Italian culture on Rossi's career is discussed through a brief survey of Ancient Roman archetypal motifs and Italian architecture of the early 20th century. Several key buildings proposed or constructed by Rossi from 1960-1990 are discussed based on his concepts of analogy, typology, morphology and rationalism.

Esta dissertação apresenta como objeto de estudo a Projeção Mapeada Urbana, um formato expressivoutilizado por artistas audiovisuais que consiste na projeção de imagens, estáticas ou em movimento, sobre as estruturas construídas da cidade. Nosso objetivo geral é o de proporcionar, através da análise das visões poéticas oferecidas por alguns artistas que se valem desta técnica, um olhar crítico sobre a metrópole ocidental contemporânea. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho interpretativo, que parte de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que delimita teoricamente o espaço urbano. O conceitode "fato urbano" desenvolvido pelo arquiteto e teórico italiano Aldo Rossi, em conjunto com a noção de "imagem da cidade" do pesquisador norteamericano Kevin Lynch, a ideia de"espaços de representação" desenvolvida pelo filósofo francês Henri Lefebvre, bem como os entendimentos sobre "cultura" e "representação" explorados por autores dos Estudos Culturais e as classificações dos"suportes"das imagensconcebidaspor Milton Sogabe, constituem nosso referencial teórico para entender a cidade enquanto suporte artístico. Na sequência, apresentamos a Projeção Mapeada Urbana enquanto uma manifestação artística específica e fenômeno cultural, atentando para certos usos dos artefatos de projeção de imagens ao longo da história ocidental. Nos propomos a articular os processos históricos e culturais que possibilitaram a consolidação da Projeção Mapeada Urbana enquanto formato expressivo, após a exposição do entendimento do termo "articulação" enquanto teoria e método. As articulações entre a Projeção Mapeada Urbana e a arte contemporânea, vista segundo as percepções de Arthur Danto e Hans Belting, e alinhadas à investigação dos fenômenos do happening, da arte site-specific, da arte urbana e do VJing, constituem a contextualização do ambiente histórico-cultural em que nosso objeto de estudo se insere. Por fim, passamos a explorar o universo poético presente em algumas obras de Projeção Mapeada Urbana no Brasil, na América Latina e nosEUA, que tomam a cidade como suporte, mapeiam suas condições físicas e simbólicas e as transformam em obras artísticascuja materialização, embora efêmera, demarca contradições, desloca significados e estabelece novos pontos de vista em relação ao território que habitamos. / In this dissertation, we defined Urban Projection Mapping as a study object. This is an expressive form through which audiovisual artists projectover city structures poetic images that represent their views in relation to the environment in which they live. We present the literature that served as our theoretical boundary of urban space, specifically the social space of contemporary Western metropolis. The concepts developed by Italian architect and theorist Aldo Rossi, together with definitions of social space and spaces of representation developed by French philosopher Henri Lefebvre, as well as Cultural Studies author understandings of culture and representation, and considerations about artistic support by Milton Sogabe constitute our theoretical framework to understand the city as an artistic medium. Following, we present the Urban Projection Mapping as a specific art form and cultural phenomenon, noting some uses we observed inthe artistic practice mediated by technological devices. We propose to articulate the historical and cultural processes that have enabled the consolidation of Urban Projection Mapping as an expressive format after exposing our understanding of the term "articulation", seen as both theory and method. The articulations between the Projection Mapping and contemporary art, according to Arthur Danto and Hans Belting perceptions, and aligned to the investigation of contemporary art's phenomena called happening, site-specific art and urban art, as well asthe VJing activity, constitute the historical context of the historic-cultural environment in which our subject belongs. Finally, we explore the poetic universe in some specific works of Urban Projection Mappingin Brazil and overseas, in wich the city is a temporary support that artists map, in terms of physical and symbolic conditions, and transform in their materialized view,making contradictions visible, displacing meanings and establishing new points of view in relation to the territory we inhabit.

Esta dissertação apresenta como objeto de estudo a Projeção Mapeada Urbana, um formato expressivoutilizado por artistas audiovisuais que consiste na projeção de imagens, estáticas ou em movimento, sobre as estruturas construídas da cidade. Nosso objetivo geral é o de proporcionar, através da análise das visões poéticas oferecidas por alguns artistas que se valem desta técnica, um olhar crítico sobre a metrópole ocidental contemporânea. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho interpretativo, que parte de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que delimita teoricamente o espaço urbano. O conceitode "fato urbano" desenvolvido pelo arquiteto e teórico italiano Aldo Rossi, em conjunto com a noção de "imagem da cidade" do pesquisador norteamericano Kevin Lynch, a ideia de"espaços de representação" desenvolvida pelo filósofo francês Henri Lefebvre, bem como os entendimentos sobre "cultura" e "representação" explorados por autores dos Estudos Culturais e as classificações dos"suportes"das imagensconcebidaspor Milton Sogabe, constituem nosso referencial teórico para entender a cidade enquanto suporte artístico. Na sequência, apresentamos a Projeção Mapeada Urbana enquanto uma manifestação artística específica e fenômeno cultural, atentando para certos usos dos artefatos de projeção de imagens ao longo da história ocidental. Nos propomos a articular os processos históricos e culturais que possibilitaram a consolidação da Projeção Mapeada Urbana enquanto formato expressivo, após a exposição do entendimento do termo "articulação" enquanto teoria e método. As articulações entre a Projeção Mapeada Urbana e a arte contemporânea, vista segundo as percepções de Arthur Danto e Hans Belting, e alinhadas à investigação dos fenômenos do happening, da arte site-specific, da arte urbana e do VJing, constituem a contextualização do ambiente histórico-cultural em que nosso objeto de estudo se insere. Por fim, passamos a explorar o universo poético presente em algumas obras de Projeção Mapeada Urbana no Brasil, na América Latina e nosEUA, que tomam a cidade como suporte, mapeiam suas condições físicas e simbólicas e as transformam em obras artísticascuja materialização, embora efêmera, demarca contradições, desloca significados e estabelece novos pontos de vista em relação ao território que habitamos. / In this dissertation, we defined Urban Projection Mapping as a study object. This is an expressive form through which audiovisual artists projectover city structures poetic images that represent their views in relation to the environment in which they live. We present the literature that served as our theoretical boundary of urban space, specifically the social space of contemporary Western metropolis. The concepts developed by Italian architect and theorist Aldo Rossi, together with definitions of social space and spaces of representation developed by French philosopher Henri Lefebvre, as well as Cultural Studies author understandings of culture and representation, and considerations about artistic support by Milton Sogabe constitute our theoretical framework to understand the city as an artistic medium. Following, we present the Urban Projection Mapping as a specific art form and cultural phenomenon, noting some uses we observed inthe artistic practice mediated by technological devices. We propose to articulate the historical and cultural processes that have enabled the consolidation of Urban Projection Mapping as an expressive format after exposing our understanding of the term "articulation", seen as both theory and method. The articulations between the Projection Mapping and contemporary art, according to Arthur Danto and Hans Belting perceptions, and aligned to the investigation of contemporary art's phenomena called happening, site-specific art and urban art, as well asthe VJing activity, constitute the historical context of the historic-cultural environment in which our subject belongs. Finally, we explore the poetic universe in some specific works of Urban Projection Mappingin Brazil and overseas, in wich the city is a temporary support that artists map, in terms of physical and symbolic conditions, and transform in their materialized view,making contradictions visible, displacing meanings and establishing new points of view in relation to the territory we inhabit.

In this dissertation, I investigate connections between French philosophy and the theory of architecture from the mid-1960s to the early 1990s. In the mid-1960s, many architects became acutely aware of the crisis of modern architecture embodied in the failings of social housing, the routinized corporate modernism of the postwar period, and the commodification of design. They questioned the principles of the Modern Movement and emphasized the “arbitrary” nature of the relationship between form and function while turning to French structuralism, semiology, and post-structuralism for potential answers. My period of study spans from the the period of political uprisings of the 1960s to the advent of digital design in the early 1990s.To date, little in-depth research has been done on the close relation between French philosophy and architecture in this period and its role in foreshadowing postmodern developments. My dissertation addresses this gap by presenting case studies of the theoretical work of six different architects: Aldo Rossi, Alan Colquhoun, Mario Gandelsonas and Diana Agrest, Bernard Tschumi, and Peter Eisenman. These case studies share a common thread: a preoccupation with structuralist and poststructuralist concerns with language. However, concepts such as “structure,” “event,” and “meaning” often have different meanings for each of these architects. Thus, my project could be described as a history and criticism of architectural theory—one that focuses specifically on the dissonances and contradictions present within the theoretical writings of these architects, while examining the polemics and discussions between them. I consider their built work only to the extent that it helps to elucidate or challenge theoretical concepts. Thus, in my case study on Aldo Rossi’s writings, I interrogate the analogy between the structuralist concern for articulating discrete and finite linguistic units and the latter’s notion of “type” and urban morphology. In the chapter on Alan Colquhoun, I discuss the influence that the work of Roland Barthes, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Ferdinand de Saussure had on his reflections about “meaning” and “convention” in architecture. In the case study on the work of Diana Agrest and Mario Gandelsonas, I examine the extent to which their understanding of “theory” and of “ideology” is indebted to the work of Louis Althusser and trace the influence of Roland Barthes, whose seminar on S/Z they attended in Paris before moving to New York in 1971. Likewise, I analyze the role that thinkers such as Henri Lefebvre, Roland Barthes, and the Tel Quel circle in the late 1970s, and Jacques Derrida in the early 1980s had on Bernard Tschumi’s writings on the “polysemy of meaning” and on the “event.” Finally, I examine Peter Eisenman’s collaboration with Jacques Derrida in the 1980s questioning Eisenman’s eclectic appropriation of Derrida’s philosophical concepts. Besides elucidating this significant period of architecture in which many of the fundamental principles of modern architecture were overturned, in the conclusion of this study, I discuss briefly the “post-critical turn” in the architectural scholarship of the past two decades with the hope of challenging its basic assumptions. My hope is to contribute, through its critical reevaluation, to theory’s renewal.