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Near-threshold fatigue crack growth behaviour of mild steel in steam during rotating bendingCurle, Ulyate Andries 19 December 2007 (has links)
The influences of a superheated steam environment and temperature on the nearthreshold crack growth behaviour of mild steel during rotating bending fatigue were investigated. A fatigue machine in which rotating bending is simulated was designed and built to allow continuous crack growth measurement. Experiments compared the threshold stress intensities (∆Kth ) for air at 24 °C, air at 160 °C and steam at 160 °C.Air at 160 °C yielded the lowest threshold stress intensity in both cases. Oxide thicknesses in the vicinity of the threshold were estimated from temper colours. The difference in threshold stress intensities can be explained by the concept of oxideinduced crack closure. / Dissertation (MEng (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / MEng / unrestricted
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REJUVENATION OF PRE-CORRODED AND/OR PRE-FATIGUED 7075-T651 ALUMINUMALLOY BY ULTRASONIC NANOCRYSTALLINE SURFACE MODIFICATIONZhang, Ruixia January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Mechanické vlastnosti hořčíkové slitiny AZ91E připravené metodou ECAP / Mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ91E prepared by ECAP methodDarida, Jiří January 2016 (has links)
This thesis deals with mechanical and fatigue properties of magnesium alloy AZ91 processed by EX-ECAP method. This method involves the application of extrusion followed by equal-channel angular pressing. To obtain basic mechanical characteristics, the tensile test were carried out at room and elevated temperatures. Further the fatigue tests were performed and obtained data were used to compile S-N curve. The work also includes metallographics analysis of microstructure and fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces of tensile and fatigue test specimens.
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Étude des microstructures de déformation induites par grenaillage ultrasonique en conditions cryogéniques d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques : effet sur les propriétés en fatigue / Study of the deformed microstructures induced by ultrasonic shot peening under cryogenic conditions on austenitic stainless steels : effect on fatigue propertiesNovelli, Marc 16 November 2017 (has links)
La surface des pièces mécaniques est une zone sensible soumise à des conditions de sollicitations particulières, tant mécaniquement (frottement, contrainte maximale) que chimiquement (atmosphère ambiante, corrosion). Ainsi, la ruine des pièces de service est généralement initiée en surface ; les grands secteurs industriels sont donc à la recherche de solutions technologiques permettant une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques globales par une modification des propriétés de surface. De nombreuses techniques ont été développées dans ce but, notamment les traitements de surface mécaniques. Parmi ceux-ci, le grenaillage ultrasonique permet de déformer sévèrement et superficiellement les pièces par de nombreux impacts de billes ayant des trajectoires aléatoires au sein de la chambre de traitement. Le propos de cette étude repose sur l'analyse et la compréhension des microstructures de déformation induites par un traitement de grenaillage ultrasonique, particulièrement sous conditions cryogéniques ; sujet très peu exploré à ce jour voir nouveau concernant i) des métaux susceptibles de subir une transformation martensitique et ii) l'influence d'un tel traitement sur la tenue en fatigue cyclique. Pour ce faire, plusieurs nuances d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques présentant des stabilités différentes vis-à-vis de la transformation de phase ont été traitées à très basses températures et les propriétés obtenues ont été comparées à celles mesurées sur les échantillons traités à température ambiante. Les premières observations ont montré que, suite à un traitement sous condition cryogénique (-130 °C), une baisse de dureté intervient en sous-couche de l'alliage 310S stable, associée à une hausse des propriétés mécaniques sous basse température rendant le matériau plus difficile à écrouir. Ce phénomène est complètement supprimé au sein de l'alliage métastable 304L par une transformation martensitique facilitée, intervenant plus profondément qu'à température ambiante et entrainant une augmentation de la dureté de sous-couche. Deux alliages métastables (304L et 316L) ont donc été sélectionnés afin de détailler l'influence des paramètres de traitement sur le durcissement de sous-couche par une étude paramétrique comprenant l'amplitude de vibration (40 et 60 µm), la durée (3 et 20 min) ainsi que la température de traitement (ambiante, -80 et -130 °C). Il en ressort qu'augmenter l'énergie de traitent par une hausse de l'amplitude et/ou de la durée de grenaillage entraine une augmentation des duretés de surface et de sous-couche, accompagnée par la production de couches durcies plus épaisses. L'utilisation de températures cryogéniques permet une augmentation du potentiel de durcissement, et ce principalement en sous-couche. En associant les gradients de dureté aux distributions de martensite le long des épaisseurs affectées, il a été montré que la fraction de martensite était directement liée au potentielle de durcissement en profondeur. La fraction de martensite produite étant dépendante de la température de déformation et, afin de prendre en compte la stabilité initiale de l'alliage comme paramètre additionnel, des mesures complémentaires ont été faites sur l'alliage 316L plus stable. Les résultats ont alors montré qu'il est primordial d'adapter la température de traitement à la stabilité de l'échantillon afin d'optimiser l'efficacité du durcissement de sous-couche et éviter ainsi une baisse de la dureté en profondeur. Finalement, les structures de déformation obtenues sous condition cryogénique ont été reliées à la tenue mécanique sous sollicitations cycliques en flexion rotative. Comparé à un traitement réalisé à température ambiante, un grenaillage cryogénique permet une baisse la rugosité de surface et la production de contraintes résiduelles de compression plus élevées par la présence de martensite. Cependant, une plus grande relaxation de ces dernières associée à une réduction de l'épaisseur [...] / The surface of mechanical components is a sensitive zone subjected to particular mechanical (friction, maximum stress) and chemical (ambient atmosphere, corrosion) interactions. Hence, the rupture is generally initiated on the surface. In order to increase the global integrity of the working parts, the industrial groups are still seeking technological solutions allowing the modifications of the surface properties. Nodaway, plenty of surface modification techniques have been developed like the mechanical surface treatments. Among them, the ultrasonic shot peening (or surface mechanical attrition treatment) focus on superficially deform the mechanical parts through numerous collisions of peening medias having random trajectories inside a confined chamber. The purpose of this study is based on the analysis and the comprehension of the deformed microstructures induced by the ultrasonic shot peening treatment, especially under cryogenic temperatures. To do so, several austenitic stainless steel grades having different stabilities regarding the martensitic transformation have been treated under cryogenic conditions and compared to the properties obtained under room temperature. The first observations have shown that, after a cryogenic peening, a decrease of the subsurface hardness takes place in the stable 310S alloy which was attributed to an increase of the mechanical properties under cryogenic temperature. This phenomenon is suppressed in the metastable 304L by triggering a martensitic phase transformation promoted under low temperature and happening deeper compared to room temperature, increasing substantially the subsurface hardness. Two metastable alloys (304L and 316L) were then selected to conduct an ultrasonic shot peening parametric study including the vibration amplitude (40 and 60 µm), the treatment duration (3 and 20 min) and temperature (room temperature, -80 and -130 °C). It has been shown that increasing the treatment energy by raising the vibration amplitude and/or the duration leads to an increase of the surface and subsurface hardnesses as well as the affected layer thickness. The use of cryogenic temperatures allows an additional increase of the hardness, especially in subsurface. By comparing the different hardness gradients with the martensite distributions along the hardened layers, a direct correlation with the hardening rate and the martensite fraction was observed. The initial stability of the treated material was also taken in account by carried out additional observations on the 316L having a higher stability. The results have indicated that the deformation temperature needs to be wisely chosen regarding the stability of the processed material in order to avoid a decrease of the subsurface hardness. Finally, the deformed microstructures generated under cryogenic ultrasonic shot peening were associated to the mechanical behaviors of cylindrical specimens using rotating bending fatigue tests. Compared to a room temperature treatment, a cryogenic peening allows a decrease of the surface roughness and the generation of higher surface compressive residual stresses by the formation of martensite. However, compared to a room temperature treatment, the fatigue behavior was not increased after a cryogenic peening because of a more pronounced surface residual stress relaxation and a reduction of the affected layer. However, the potential increase of the fatigue life after a cryogenic surface deformation was depicted by the study of the rupture surfaces. It was observed that, if the involvement of the surface defects introduced by the high surface roughness can be lowered, a single subsurface crack initiation can be produced increasing considerably the fatigue behavior of the processed material
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CORROSION-FATIGUE TESTING ON STEEL GRADES WITH DIFFERENT HEAT AND SURFACE TREATMENTS USED IN ROCK-DRILLING APPLICATIONSBéjar, Luis Miguel January 2016 (has links)
Corrosion fatigue is a common failure mechanism in rock drilling components and many othermechanical parts subjected to cyclic loads in corrosive environments. A crucial part in the design ofsuch components resides in the selection of the right materials for the application, which ideallyinvolves testing and comparison of their performance under working conditions. The present work was performed with the purpose of designing a corrosion-fatigue testing methodthat would allow the designer to compare the performance of different materials exposed to corrosionfatigue, permitting also the comparison with results from dry fatigue testing. The method was designedfor rotating-bending machines. Two different steel grades were used during the work, one throughhardened and one case hardened. The effect of these heat treatments and of shot peening overcorrosion-fatigue behaviour were studied using the proposed method. It was proven that the testing speed has a strong impact on the fatigue life of steel. It was found that,at a fixed stress level, the case hardened and shot peened steel reached 3X10^6 cycles at 2300 rpm,while it failed at only 5X10^5 cycles with a testing speed of 500 rpm. A large beneficial influence of theshot peening was demonstrated. It was also observed that, at fixed testing speed, the shot peening onthe through hardened steel can increase its fatigue strength from 190 MPa to 600 MPa under corrosionfatigue. Many cracks were found at the surface of the shot peened parts, which are arrested near thesurface by the compressive stress layer from the shot peening. It was also found that, for the non-shotpeened parts, case hardening had a slightly higher corrosion-fatigue strength than the throughhardened. This might be a result of the compressive stresses from carburization, or due to the highercore toughness of this steel grade.
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