The aim of this thesis is to analyse Zibaldone di pensieri, the private diary of Italian poet, writer and philosopher Giacomo Leopardi. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to Leopardi's biography. We focus on his childhood, youth and on the events that had effect on his thinking. The crucial part of the thesis deals with the diary Zibaldone; with its structure, autobiographical features and with various ways in which we can look at this text. In the following part of the work we analyse some of the topics of Zibaldone. Observing the development of Leopardi's thinking, we deal with various phases of author's pessimism and with his perception of nature, reason, human destiny and ancient and modern world.

This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...

This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...

Ondřej Krása, Causes of the Creation of the World in Plato's Timaeus Abstract of the Thesis The aim of the thesis is to explain the causes of the creation of the world in Plato's Timaeus. The causes of the creation of the world are manifold. The Demiurge created the world according to an eternal paradigm. The paradigm of the world is an intelligible animal that encompasses everything that is eternal. The Demiurge is the best of eternal beings and created the world as an image of the entirety of eternal beings. What is then the relationship between the Demiurge, who is reason, and the entirety of eternal beings, that reason can comprehend? Timaeus characterizes the eternal being as having no other relationships than those towards itself. On the contrary, the Demiurge is a being that has constitutive relationships towards the world. The entirety of being that consists of both the Demiurge and that, which is in itself, is therefore a being in which reason relates self-contained relationships of that, which reason can comprehend, towards something else, namely becoming. The world was created in a receptacle as an embodied soul. Each body is a regular geometrical figure with no "matter" inside. Bodies are both in space and they are modifications of space. Souls are in space as well, but their being in space is...

This Master´s work deals with the relation of T. G. Masaryk and The Czechoslovak Church. The goal is to give reasons why Masaryk has never entered the Church despite the Church highly recognized his ideas and was based on many of them. The output of this work is supposed to be mostly the analysis of Masaryk´s texts besides the biographical texts and the written texts dedicated to the Czechoslovak Church. This work can be divided into three main parts. The first part follows Masaryk´s religious development. The second part comprises his opinions on particular religions issues. The third part introduces the basic information about the Czechoslovak Church and the last, fourth handles especially Masaryk´s attitude to the Church.

Title: First Metamorphosis of the Frankfurt School Author: Bc. Karel Chlouba Abstract: This thesis deals with first metamorphosis of the Frankfurt School - its origins, deve- lopement and historical context. The developement of this metamorphosis of critical theory is split into three parts within this work: first part elaborates individual moments and motives of this positive dialectic and also observes the develomepent of skepticism within it; second part elaborates the sceptical turn itself and the third part deals with the negative dialectics mainly presented within the work The Dialectic of Enlightenment. This thesis aims mainly on thought of Max Horheimer as a leader of the circle of thin- kers. Although he is not always the most powerful source of insight in this circle, he is the one who controls the direction of its thinking. Key words: Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse, critical theory of society, sociology, ra- cionality, science, theory, reason, change, alternative, dialectic, enligh- tenment viii

This diploma thesis deals with the description of the ethical themes in the Apostle Paul's authentic letters. At the very beginning of the description and of the ethical themes analysis, there is the historical context and events in Saint Paul's life depicted - his missionary travels and the ethical issues of his time. Further, there is the basis of Paul's ethics explained. In the following third chapter, the main ethical themes are being described thouroughly, e.g. love, freedom or conscience. There are also such topics as marriage, sexual ethics or the moral life in church community. In the fourth chaprer, we can learn about the current Paul's ethical principles within the context of fellow feeling or love to women. In conclusion, there are Paul's ethical principles and connection between faith and sense summarized. Key words: Ethics, love, freedom, conscience, marriage, sexual ethics, Spirit, body, sense and faith.

This work explores the possibilities of Hegel's critique of liberalisms and Marxism. Firstly, I define the "Return to Hegel", or more precisely, the way how we should conceive of this return to Hegel in order to really return to him. In second part, this formal definition of return is given its content, i.e. Hegel's concept of state. This concept had been denied by the doctrine of liberalism as well as of Marxism and this denial, as I try to demonstrate, can be considered a theoretical cause of totalitarianism. Or, in other words, totalitarianism can be speculatively comprehended as the manifestation of this denial. Thus as long as we live in a post-totalitarian era, Hegel is our contemporary. The last part consists of an explication of Hegel's critique of understanding (Verstand). The main reason for this explication is that liberalism and Marxism are 'understanding'- theories of state, and because of that, they were not able to conceive of the state as an object of Reason (Vernunft) and therefore, they failed to recognize the state as rational in itself. The theoretical result of this analysis is that Hegel's critique of understanding can be grasped, so to speak, as a 'critique of ideology avant la lettre', if the concept of ideology is adequately redefined.

This thesis focuses on the concept of Reason, Memory, and Will written by Petr from Letovicz and present the Question called: "Utrum cuiuslibet spiritus rationalis eadem essentia sit substantialiter ratio memoriam et voluntas". The thesis consists of four parts. The first part focuses on the used method of the art and its access to the text. The second one introduce the Question in the historical context. The third part represent the transcription and translation of the Question. The last one offers Question's interpretation. My thesis also focuses on several citations of Aristotle used by Petr from Letovicz in his Question. Those quotes were set into interpretive framework of the text. Besides Aristotle, there can be found also quotes of Averroa and one of the founders of scholasticism - Peter Lombard.

In my thesis I will pursue the ideological foundations of the Frankfurt School, a significant social philosophical group of the 20th century. Marxist and psychoanalytic basis will be reflected in conjunction with a critical theory of society and a phenomenon of culture industry. The purpose of this work is to present influences which formed a theoretical work of the Frankfurt School, its research in a modern society and a contribution to the so-called commodification of culture and art related to the expansion of mass culture.