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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion level of a low lignin hull, high-oil groat (CDC SO-I) oat on the performance, carcass characteristics and rumen degradation characteristics of feedlot cattle. In the first trial, 200 crossbred steers (average weight of 427.3 ± 22.4 kg) were allocated to 20 pens. Five treatments, formulated by replacing barley with increasing levels of CDC SO-I oat (Barley grain:CDC SO-I oat ratios of 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100 ; DM basis) were used. Four pens were randomly allocated to each treatment diet. Over the entire study there was a linear decrease (P< 0.01) in DMI and ADG with increasing inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat, whereas feed efficiency (gain:feed) decreased (P= 0.03) quadratically. Days on feed also increased (P= 0.03) quadratically for the steers fed the higher levels of CDC SO-I oat. Increasing the inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat in the diet also decreased (P< 0.01) carcass weight, dressing percentage and grade fat linearly. However, there was no effect of treatment on rib eye area and lean yield percentage. There was no significant effect of treatment on marbling score. While the results of this trial point to a negative effect of CDC SO-I oat on finishing performance, there were minimal differences between cattle fed 100% barley as the concentrate versus those fed 75% barley: 25% oat blend.<p> Trial 2 involved a metabolism trial to determine the effect of CDC SO-I oat inclusion level on rumen fermentation parameters of 5 fistulated heifers fed the same diets used in Trial 1. A 5 × 5 Latin square experiment design was used. Rumen degradation parameters (rumen pH, VFA, osmolality and ammonia nitrogen levels) and feeding behavior (time spent eating, ruminating, chewing and drinking) were measured. Mean rumen pH for the barley-based diet was 5.88 which was not different (P> 0.05) than the mean pH of 5.5 for the oat-fed cattle. Treatment did not affect (P> 0.05) time spent below pH cutoff values of 5.8, 5.5 and 5.2. No effect of oat inclusion level (P> 0.05) was observed on total VFA levels, molar proportion of individual fatty acids and osmolality while isobutyrate (P= 0.05) and ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased linearly (P= 0.02) with the higher inclusion of CDC SO-I oat. Time spent eating was linearly (P< 0.01) increased with higher inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat.<p> Over all, the results of this study indicate that the replacement of barley by CDC SO-I oat in finishing diets decreases dry matter intake and as a result leads to reduced ADG, increased days on feed and lower slaughter and carcass weights. The reduced performance might be the result of higher fat content, high hull and/or faster degradation rate of oat starch leading to subacute ruminal acidosis in cattle fed higher levels of oat. However, replacing barley with CDC SO-I oat does not significantly change the rumen environment. The results of this study indicate that CDC SO-I oat can be successfully included up to a maximum level of 25% without any adverse effect on performance and carcass characteristics in the diets of finishing cattle.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion level of a low lignin hull, high-oil groat (CDC SO-I) oat on the performance, carcass characteristics and rumen degradation characteristics of feedlot cattle. In the first trial, 200 crossbred steers (average weight of 427.3 ± 22.4 kg) were allocated to 20 pens. Five treatments, formulated by replacing barley with increasing levels of CDC SO-I oat (Barley grain:CDC SO-I oat ratios of 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100 ; DM basis) were used. Four pens were randomly allocated to each treatment diet. Over the entire study there was a linear decrease (P< 0.01) in DMI and ADG with increasing inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat, whereas feed efficiency (gain:feed) decreased (P= 0.03) quadratically. Days on feed also increased (P= 0.03) quadratically for the steers fed the higher levels of CDC SO-I oat. Increasing the inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat in the diet also decreased (P< 0.01) carcass weight, dressing percentage and grade fat linearly. However, there was no effect of treatment on rib eye area and lean yield percentage. There was no significant effect of treatment on marbling score. While the results of this trial point to a negative effect of CDC SO-I oat on finishing performance, there were minimal differences between cattle fed 100% barley as the concentrate versus those fed 75% barley: 25% oat blend.<p> Trial 2 involved a metabolism trial to determine the effect of CDC SO-I oat inclusion level on rumen fermentation parameters of 5 fistulated heifers fed the same diets used in Trial 1. A 5 × 5 Latin square experiment design was used. Rumen degradation parameters (rumen pH, VFA, osmolality and ammonia nitrogen levels) and feeding behavior (time spent eating, ruminating, chewing and drinking) were measured. Mean rumen pH for the barley-based diet was 5.88 which was not different (P> 0.05) than the mean pH of 5.5 for the oat-fed cattle. Treatment did not affect (P> 0.05) time spent below pH cutoff values of 5.8, 5.5 and 5.2. No effect of oat inclusion level (P> 0.05) was observed on total VFA levels, molar proportion of individual fatty acids and osmolality while isobutyrate (P= 0.05) and ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased linearly (P= 0.02) with the higher inclusion of CDC SO-I oat. Time spent eating was linearly (P< 0.01) increased with higher inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat.<p> Over all, the results of this study indicate that the replacement of barley by CDC SO-I oat in finishing diets decreases dry matter intake and as a result leads to reduced ADG, increased days on feed and lower slaughter and carcass weights. The reduced performance might be the result of higher fat content, high hull and/or faster degradation rate of oat starch leading to subacute ruminal acidosis in cattle fed higher levels of oat. However, replacing barley with CDC SO-I oat does not significantly change the rumen environment. The results of this study indicate that CDC SO-I oat can be successfully included up to a maximum level of 25% without any adverse effect on performance and carcass characteristics in the diets of finishing cattle.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 283092 bytes, checksum: 26a551be6ca2a30c3d887ce7b402e49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, nitrogenous compounds balance, efficiency of microbial synthesis, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumen dynamics in cattle fed low-quality forage. Five crossbred heifers, with average live weight of 191 kg and fitted with rumen canullae, were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 4.86% of dry matter (DM). The five treatments were defined according to the level of CP in the diet (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 percentile points above the CP level of the roughage). The supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate, and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5.19, 7.11, 8.60, 11.67, and 13.02% in DM basis. The intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), NDF, and NDF corrected for ash and nitrogenous compounds (NDFom(n)) showed a quadratic profile according to CP levels in the diet (P<0.10) with maximum responses on 10.24%, 10.27%, 10.12%, and 10.05% of CP, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM and NDFom(n) were not affected by CP levels (P>0.10). The average concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was linearly increased with CP levels (P<0.10). The RAN estimate associated with the maximum DM intake was 9.64 mg/dL. The microbial nitrogen flow in small intestine was linearly increased with the CP level in the diet (P<0.10). The efficiency of microbial synthesis was not affected by supplementation (P>0.10). The potentially degradable NDF was linearly increased (P<0.10) according to CP levels in diet until 6.97% CP. From this point, there was stabilization of estimates (47.87% of NDF). The degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF has been increased linearly with CP levels in diet (P<0.10). The rumen flow of fibrous particles (L) had a linear response-plateau according to CP levels in the diet (P<0.10). The plateau (maximum) for the estimates has begun on 7.24% of CP. The mean retention time in rumen-reticulum and the rumen fill effect of undegradable NDF was affect by CP levels similarly to (L) (P<0.10), with plateau (minimum) beginning on 6.90 and 6.97% of CP, respectively. / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com compostos nitrogenados sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade, o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados, a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e sobre a dinâmica ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em bovinos alimentados com forragem de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com peso vivo médio inicial de 191 kg, fistuladas no rúmen. A alimentação volumosa basal dos animais foi constituída por feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) com 4,86% de proteína bruta (PB) com base na matéria seca (MS), fornecido ad libitum. Os cinco tratamentos avaliados foram definidos de acordo com o nível de suplementação protéica (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 pontos percentuais acima do nível de PB da forragem). Como fonte de compostos nitrogenados empregou-se mistura de uréia, sulfato de amônia e albumina, nas proporções de 4,5:0,5:1,0, respectivamente. O experimento foi constituído de 5 períodos experimentais, segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os níveis médios de PB nas dietas foram de 5,19, 7,11, 8,60, 11,67 e 13,02%, com base na MS. Verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,10) dos níveis de PB na dieta sobre os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO), FDN e FDN corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) (kg/dia), com respostas máximas sobre os níveis de 10,24%, 10,27%, 10,12% e 10,05% de PB, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e da FDNcp não foram afetados pelos níveis de PB na dieta (P>0,10). A concentração média diária de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P<0,10) em função dos níveis de PB na dieta, com valor estimado de 9,64 mg/dL equivalente ao máximo consumo de MS. O fluxo de compostos nitrogenados microbianos no intestino delgado relacionou-se linear e positivamente (P<0,10) com os dos níveis de PB da dieta. Observou-se falta de relação (P>0,10) entre os níveis de PB e a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. Verificou-se elevação linear (P<0,10) da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN até o nível de 6,97% de PB, com platô em 47,87% da FDN. A taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN elevou-se linearmente (P<0,10) com os níveis de PB da dieta. O fluxo ruminal de partículas fibrosas (L) apresentou relação linear response-plateau (P<0,10), com estabelecimento do platô (máximo) em 7,24% de PB. O tempo médio de retenção no rúmen-retículo e a repleção ruminal da fração indegradável da FDN apresentaram comportamento semelhante a L (P<0,10), com ponto crítico para o início do platô (mínimo) em 6,90 e 6,97% de PB, respectivamente.