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A simple water balance model was applied to a micro-catchment water harvesting system for a semi-arid area in the North-Eastern part of Jordan. Two Negarim micro-catchment water harvesting systems were built at Al-Khanasri research station. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial combination was used with six treatments and three replicates. Each plot was divided into two parts; a runoff area, and a run-on area. Two different treatments were used for the catchment area, these were: compacted (T1) and Natural treatments (T2). Three treatments were used for the run-on area, these were: disturbed (S1), stones (S2), and crop residue mulch (S3). Soil water content was measured over a depth of 0-1 m during the seasons 96-97 in these micro-catchments. In this model; daily rainfall, runoff, and evaporation were used. Runoff was calculated by the curve number method; evaporation was calculated by the Penman equation, the Priestley and Taylor method and the Class A pan approach. The least squares method was used for optimizing model parameters. The performance of the model was assessed by different criteria, such as root mean square error, relative root mean square error, coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency method. The performance of the micro-catchments system was also evaluated. Results showed that with limited but reliable hydrological data good agreement between predicted and observed values could be obtained. The ratio of water storage in a one meter soil depth to the rainfall falling on each catchment indicated that T1S2 and T1S3 have the highest values in size1 plots while T2S1 and T2S2 have the highest values in size 2 plots. Modelling results showed that for all the size 1 plots, the required ratio of the cultivated to catchment area, (C/CA), required to ensure sufficient harvested water, was less than the actual ratio used in the experimental design. For the size 2 plots this was only true for the T1 treatments. Consequently for the majority of plot sizes and treatments, the results showed that a smaller catchment area is capable of providing sufficient harvested water to meet crop growth requirements. The experimental ratio was based on a typical yearly design rainfall for the region having either a 50% or 67% probability of occurrence. Results also indicated that using stones and crop residue as mulch on the soil surface in the cultivated area was effective in decreasing the evaporation rate. S3 was more efficient than S2 as it stored more water due to the higher infiltration rate (12.4 cm/hr) when compared to S2 (4.1 cm/hr).

The influence of seasonal influx of supraglacial meltwater on basal water pressures and consequent changes in ice surface velocity has been a focus of research spanning over three decades. With a need to better include glacial hydrology within models of ice sheet evolution, the ability to predict where and when meltwater reaches the subglacial system is paramount for understanding the dynamics of large Arctic ice masses. The response of ice velocities to melt production suggests efficient transmission of meltwater from the supraglacial to subglacial hydrologic systems, and it has been shown that build-ups of stored meltwater in supraglacial lakes can force crevasse penetration through hundreds of metres of ice. This thesis presents a new modelling routine for prediction of moulin formation and delivery of meltwater to the ice-bed interface. Temporal and spatial patterns of moulin formation and drainage of supraglacial lakes are presented, and quantitative controls on crevasse propagation are investigated through a series of sensitivity tests. _J .' . The model is applied to two glacial catchments: the Croker Bay catchment of the Devon Ice Cap in High Arctic Canada; and the Leverett glacier catchment of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Through model application to these sites, sensitivities to crevasse surface dimensions, ice tensile strength, ice fracture toughness and air temperatures are investigated. Model predictions of moulin formation and melt transfer are compared with field observations and remotely sensed data, including ice surface velocities, proglacial discharge, dynamic flow regimes, and visible surface features. The inclusion of spatially distributed points of meltwater delivery to the 'subglacial system is imperative to fully understand the behaviour of the subglacial drainage system. Furthermore, dynamic response to future climatic change and melt scenarios, and the evolution of ice masses, cannot be fully understood without first understanding the glacial hydrologic processes driving many of these changes.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Nathan O. Nelson / Eutrophication of freshwater lakes and streams is linked to phosphorus (P) fertilizer loss from agriculture. Cover crops could help mitigate P loss but producers are concerned that they may use too much water. This study was conducted to better understand the effects cover crops have on soil moisture and P loss. Volumetric water content (θ) was measured at the Kansas Cover Crop Water Use research area at 10 depths throughout a 2.74 m soil profile in 5 cover crop treatments and compared to θ measured from a chemical fallow control. Total profile soil moisture in sorghum sudangrass (1.02 m) and forage soybean (1.03 m) did not significantly differ from chemical fallow (1.05 m) at the time of spring planting. However, water deficits were observed in double-crop soybean (1.01 m), crimson clover (0.99 m), and tillage radish (0.99 m). At the Kansas Agricultural Watersheds, runoff was collected and analyzed for total suspended solids, total P, and DRP from 6 cover crop/fertilizer management treatments over two years. In the first water year the cover crop reduced runoff, sediment, and total P loss by 16, 56, and 52% respectively. There was a significant cover by fertilizer interaction for DRP loss. When P fertilizer was broadcasted in the fall with a cover crop, DRP loss was reduced by 60% but was unaffected in the other two P fertilizer treatments. Results were different in the second water year. The cover crop reduced sediment loss (71% reduction), as was seen in year one, but neither the cover crop nor the fertilizer management had a significant effect on runoff volume or total P loss overall. Contrary to the 2014-2015 results, cover crop increased DRP load by 48% in 2015-2016. DRP load was 2 times greater in the fall broadcast treatment than it was in the spring injected treatment but there was not a significant fertilizer by cover crop interaction. In order to determine the long term effects of cover crops and P fertilizer management P loss parameters should be tracked for several more years.

Title: Application of the Snowmelt Runoff Model for snow accumulation and snowmelt modelling in experimental catchments Bystřice and Zlatý Brook in the Krušné Mountains Modelling of hydrological processes is a dynamically developing part of hydrology. The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was applied for modelling the runoff in two experimental catchments Bystřice and Zlatý Brook. The aim of this thesis is to set up and calibrate SRM model and to evaluate methods and procedures used for runoff simulations. The SRM model was used for modelling snow accumulation and snowmelt in two selected catchments in the Krušné Mountains. The snow depths and snow water equivalents are measured since 2009 at selected locations situated in catchments. Calibration and validation of the model was based on continual time series of precipitation, air temperature and discharge measured 2009. Hydrological years 2009 and 2010 were used for model calibration and hydrological years 2011 and 2012 were used for model validation. Sensitivity analysis, which quantifies the effect of individual model parameters on the simulating proces, was carried out based on results. Recession coefficient and runoff coefficient belong to the most sensitive parameters with highest impact on runoff simulations. Model calibration was successful, which...

Master of Science / Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering / Stacy Hutchinson / Military land management is vital to the future health and usability of maneuver training areas. As land disturbance increases, runoff from the area also increases and may create significant erosion potential. Determining the relationship between what is safe training versus what is harmful to the environment can be done by determining runoff potential at different disturbance percentages given different training intensities. Various studies have shown that soil density, soil structure, plant biodiversity, animal biodiversity, and many other essential ecosystem factors are greatly damaged by continuous training. These ecosystem factors influence runoff amounts and likewise erosion potential in that area. The primary factor examined in this study was the Curve Number (CN). Since military procedures do not have predefined CNs, representative CNs were created based off of CNs for agricultural use and supplemental research about training impacts on the land. Training intensity was broken into four classes: undisturbed, light use, moderate use, and heavy use. Five sample watersheds on Fort Riley were used as replications for the study. Disturbance intensity indexes were broken into 10% increments, and changes in runoff amount and peak rate modeled with TR-55. Statistical analysis was done comparing watersheds, training intensities and disturbance percentages for different storm magnitudes to assess statistically significance of changes in runoff amount and peak rate. This analysis showed that runoff amount and rate were both significantly impacted at every 10% increase on disturbance percentage. Results also showed that at the lower disturbance percentage (less than 30%), runoff amount and rate were not significantly impacted by training use classes. From this it can be seen that even with very little training done to the land increased erosion can be expected.

This thesis is focused on finding the optimal tools for modelling of the overland flow and verification of its reliability and limits in an extreme relief of the Bohemian Switzerland. This paper focuses on the Open Source tools for modelling of the overland flow implemented in the geographic information system GRASS GIS. The region of the Bohemian Switzerland, especially of the same name national park, was chosen for two main reasons. The first is the fact that the range of reliefs' shapes of local sandstone rock areas is exceptionally varied. Extreme vertical segmentation, relief edges, changes of convex and concave shapes of relief, significant changes of profile, planar and tangential curvature and often extremely narrow and deep valleys are extremely difficult from the point of view of overland flow modelling. The second reason for the focus on the above mentioned field is the fact that for the given area there is available an exceptional quality digital elevation model (DEM) from the GeNeSis project - "Geoinformationsnetzwerke für die grenzüberschreitende Nationalparkregion Sächsisch - Böhmische Schweiz". This DEM financed from the operational program EU Interreg IIIA Cross-Border Cooperation was carried out by the Technical University Dresden and is characterized by high density of scanning...

The connectivity of fluvial processes or hydrological connectivity are terms often used to describe internal linkages in landscape that intensify/reduce water and sediment fluxes as well as the substances they contain. It is based on the concept of landscape connectivity defined, in particular, by fragmentation of landscape and barriers that obstruct the movement of material. While researches focusing on water erosion or runoff focus on the volume of different fluxes, connectivity reveals new information on catchment functioning as well as reactions to various types of stimuli, and thus represents a more complex phenomenon. This master thesis informs about the topic as a whole, it describes the main forms of its modelling and specific influences that have major impact on presented results. Three approaches of modelling were tested. The main concept lies in evaluation of the index of connectivity, firstly, with approach proposed by Borselli et al. (2008) and implemented in software ArcGIS and secondly, in software SedInConnect 2.0. The third approach is modelling connectivity in software LAPSUS 5.0 that belongs to landscape evolution models. Modelling in LAPSUS proved that using even this indirect method for evaluation of hydrological connectivity is a suitable approach. Selected area for modelling...

A cana-de-açúcar tornou-se a cultura com maior expansão nos últimos anos no estado de São Paulo, tendência que deve continuar, considerando sua importância como matéria prima para a produção de açúcar e etanol. Essa expansão acontece principalmente sobre áreas que eram ocupadas por pastagens. Pelas atividades necessárias para o estabelecimento da cultura de cana-de-açúcar, é esperado um aumento da erosão de solos e uma alteração no balanço hídrico. Com esses antecedentes, objetivou-se quantificar experimentalmente o impacto na erosão dos solos e a modificação do balanço hídrico no primeiro metro de solo, causado pela substituição de pastagem por cana-de-açúcar. Foram construídas parcelas de escoamento (20 x 5 \'M POT.2\') sob pastagem e sob plantio novo de cana-de-açúcar (três repetições cada) em uma fazenda com solo do tipo Neossolo Quartzarênico no município de Itirapina-SP. Foi instalada uma estação meteorológica para medir a precipitação e a umidade do solo a 30, 60 e 90 cm de profundidade, e para coletar os parâmetros necessários para calcular a evapotranspiração pelo método de Penman-Monteith. Calhas foram instaladas ao nível do solo para quantificar a interceptação do dossel de cana-de-açúcar. O balanço hídrico para ambos os cultivos foi determinado em escala diária. Após cada evento de precipitação, foi quantificada a perda de solos e o escoamento superficial Durante o primeiro ano, a perda de solo sob pastagem foi de 0,26 Mg/ha.ano (adicionalmente, 0,32 Mg/ha foram coletados devido à perturbação do solo para implantação do experimento), enquanto cana-de-açúcar produziu 2,58 Mg/ha.ano. No segundo período chuvoso, a perda de solo sob pastagem diminui para 0,04 Mg/ha, e sob cana-de-açúcar registrou 0,47 Mg/ha. Estes resultados indicam que a substituição de pastagem por cana-de-açúcar aumentou a produção de sedimentos durante o primeiro ano em 2,32 Mg/ha; no segundo período, com o uso da cobertura de palha no solo sob cana-de-açúcar, o aumento foi de 0,43 Mg/ha. Depois de quatro meses de crescimento, o dossel da cana-de-açúcar intercepta 40% da precipitação. O escoamento superficial no primeiro ano foi de 56,1 mm, e diminuiu para 11,8 mm no segundo período por efeito da palha na superfície do solo. Nos mesmos períodos, o escoamento superficial na pastagem foi de 40,5 mm e 30,4 mm, respectivamente. Apesar da menor infiltração sob cana-de-açúcar, o solo apresenta maior umidade devido ao gradeamento que aumenta a porosidade, e portanto, a capacidade de armazenamento de água no solo. A percolação sob cana-de açúcar é menor que sob pastagem devido à maior evapotranspiração da cultura. / Sugarcane became the culture with the highest expansion in recent years in the state of São Paulo. This trend will continue considering its importance as raw material for the production of sugar and ethanol. The expansion occurs primarily on areas that are currently occupied by pastures, causing impacts on soil and water. Due to the necessary activities for the establishment of the sugarcane culture, a soil erosion increase and a water balance change are expected. With this background, the objective of this work was to experimentally quantify the change in soil erosion and modification of water balance in the first meter of soil caused by the substitution of pasture by sugarcane. Runoff plots were constructed (20 x 5 \'M POT.2\') under pasture and new sugarcane planting (three replicates each) on a farm with Quartzarenic Neosol (Typic Quartzipsamments) soil in the municipality of Itirapina-SP. A weather station to measure rainfall and soil moisture at 30, 60 and 90 cm depth, and to collect the necessary parameters to calculate the evapotranspiration by Penman-Monteith method was installed. Gutters were installed at ground level to quantify the interception of the sugarcane canopy. After every precipitation event the soil loss and the drainage were quantified, and the daily water balance was determined for both soil uses. During the first year, the pasture had a soil loss of 0.26 Mg/ha.yr (additional 0.32 Mg/ha.yr were collected due to the disturbance of the soil during experiment installation), while sugarcane produced 2.58 Mg/ha.yr. In the second rainy season, the losses under pasture decreased to 0.04 Mg/ha and sugarcane recorded 0.47 Mg/ha. These results indicate that the replacement of pasture by sugarcane increased the sediment production during the first year by 2.32 Mg/ha in the second period, covering the soil under sugarcane with straw, the difference decreased to 0.43 Mg/ha. After four months of growth, the sugarcane canopy intercepts 40% of the precipitation. The runoff in the first year was 56.1 mm, decreasing to 11.8 mm in the second period, due to the presence of straw on the soil surface. In the same periods, runoff under pasture was 40.5 mm and 30.4 mm, respectively. Although there is less infiltration under sugar cane, the soil presents higher moisture due to the porosity increase by grating. The percolation under sugarcane is lower than in pasture due to a higher crop evapotranspiration.