Note:

Much progress has been made in the United States as a whole and in Virginia in particular, in the establishment of a practical plan for extending the use of electricity to rural communities. The most satisfactory source of electric power is from the distribution system of a utility company. Many farms however cannot be economically reached by these distribution systems and there will continue to be a fertile field for the use of individual gas engine driven or small hydro-electric plants. Power companies on the whole are becoming interested in going out on a business like basis for the farm customer and will become even more interested as more study is given the subject and a better understanding of the requirements of rural service are acquired. About a 100,000 farm customers are being added yearly in the United States. Farmers are becoming "electrically minded" and are learning how to use electric power profitably. This is essential if rural electric service is to be a success, since electricity for convenience only is an expensive luxury. The Virginia plan for rural extensions is a practical workable plan that is acceptable alike to the farmer apd to the power company. Like any new tool, we have not yet learned entirely how to use it, and it may even need to be altered in a few respects to make it best serve the purpose for which it was designed. Very satisfactory progress has been made in organizing departments in the companies of this state for the express purpose of extending service into rural territory and helping to solve the farmer's electrical and power problems. The Agricultural Engineering Department of V. P. I. and Professor C. E. Seitz in particular deserve a great deal of credit for the progress rural electrification has made in Virginia. Satisfactory rate schedules are being worked out but this subject still demands much study. Two of the problems proposed in the preliminary outline of this study still require much time and study for their solution and it is recommended that they be continued. These are “what constitutes minimum, adequate, and safe construction for rural lines?" and, “what is the cost of rural lines meeting the minimum requirements as to capacity, physical strength, etc.?" The cost of serving farm customers is an obstacle to further extension of the service. One way to reduce that cost is to use cheaper line construction. The lines must however be adequately constructed to insure uninterrupted service. / M.S.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study explores how land and natural resources in rural communities are accessed, used, and managed in livelihoods. In particular it examines first, crop field tenure, and livelihoods in natural resources. Second it explores factors that mediate access, use and control of land and natural resources within village communities. Empirical data are explored from two rural village communities of Kamena and St. Joseph located in the Northern and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia respectively. The study argues first that land and natural resource rights underpin land based livelihood activities of rural people, the most important of which are subsistence and cash crop farming, and the gathering and processing of common property resources. Second the thesis argues that land tenure reform impacts on the rural population as a whole and not just on cash crop farmers, and should thus situate the needs of farmers for secure tenure within the wider context of diverse rural household livelihood strategies. The study concludes that social differences (along the axes of wealth, gender and descent), traditional institutions (uxorilocal or virilocal marriage, polygamy, inheritance and succession) and government policy are central in determining access, use and control of land and natural resources in rural livelihoods. It is submitted that, rather than being replaced, customary land tenure, and traditional land administration structures in rural Zambia should be adapted to current social and economic realities in which individuals and households create their multiple livelihoods. Further, it is concluded that land tenure reform is not a sufficient condition for rural livelihood sustainability. Thus complementary agrarian measures to address the vulnerability context of rural households are recommended. / South Africa

This study explores how land and natural resources in rural communities are accessed, used, and managed in livelihoods. In particular it examines first, crop field tenure, and livelihoods in natural resources. Second it explores factors that mediate access, use and control of land and natural resources within village communities. Empirical data are explored from two rural village communities of Kamena and St. Joseph located in the Northern and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia respectively. The study argues first that land and natural resource rights underpin land based livelihood activities of rural people, the most important of which are subsistence and cash crop farming, and the gathering and processing of common property resources. Second the thesis argues that land tenure reform impacts on the rural population as a whole and not just on cash crop farmers, and should thus situate the needs of farmers for secure tenure within the wider context of diverse rural household livelihood strategies. The study concludes that social differences (along the axes of wealth, gender and descent), traditional institutions (uxorilocal or virilocal marriage, polygamy, inheritance and succession) and government policy are central in determining access, use and control of land and natural resources in rural livelihoods. It is submitted that, rather than being replaced, customary land tenure, and traditional land administration structures in rural Zambia should be adapted to current social and economic realities in which individuals and households create their multiple livelihoods. Further, it is concluded that land tenure reform is not a sufficient condition for rural livelihood sustainability. Thus complementary agrarian measures to address the vulnerability context of rural households are recommended.

This study explores how land and natural resources in rural communities are accessed, used, and managed in livelihoods. In particular it examines first, crop field tenure, and livelihoods in natural resources. Second it explores factors that mediate access, use and control of land and natural resources within village communities. Empirical data are explored from two rural village communities of Kamena and St. Joseph located in the Northern and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia respectively. The study argues first that land and natural resource rights underpin land based livelihood activities of rural people, the most important of which are subsistence and cash crop farming, and the gathering and processing of common property resources. Second the thesis argues that land tenure reform impacts on the rural population as a whole and not just on cash crop farmers, and should thus situate the needs of farmers for secure tenure within the wider context of diverse rural household livelihood strategies. The study concludes that social differences (along the axes of wealth, gender and descent), traditional institutions (uxorilocal or virilocal marriage, polygamy, inheritance and succession) and government policy are central in determining access, use and control of land and natural resources in rural livelihoods. It is submitted that, rather than being replaced, customary land tenure, and traditional land administration structures in rural Zambia should be adapted to current social and economic realities in which individuals and households create their multiple livelihoods. Further, it is concluded that land tenure reform is not a sufficient condition for rural livelihood sustainability. Thus complementary agrarian measures to address the vulnerability context of rural households are recommended.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 R67 / Master of Science

No description available.

This thesis analyses rural social and political conflict in the province of Badajoz (Extremadura) during the Spanish Second Republic of 1931 to 1936. It takes a broad approach to social and political change in a province typical of southern Spain, but focusses particularly on the under-explored role of powerful agrarian elites opposed to the reforms introduced by the new liberal-democratic regime. The study begins with two complementary chapters covering the period 1870-1930; they consider the evolution of the autocratic rural order presided over by the elite and discuss the growth of the challenge to agrian power from organised rural labour. In the following chapters covering in detail the period 1931 to 1936 the partial transformat ion of the rural order that accompanied the transition to the Republic, the subsequent processes of social and political struggle, and the polarisation that followed are documented. A final epilogue considers the Civil War as a rural counter-revolution that involved the resurgence of agrarian autocracy in Badajoz. The thesis draws on a wide range of primary materials, from archives and printed sources to memoirs, and utilizes the relevant secondary literature. In general the study forms part of a movement to reach a deeper understanding of social and political change during the Republic and in particular offers new perspectives on the contribution of the 'agrarian question' to the breakdown of the regime and the origins of the Civil War.

by Chow Wing Hang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [1-22] (2nd gp.)). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / PREFACE --- p.1-6 / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.7-42 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.43-65 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS FOR STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS --- p.66-79 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- POLITICS OF PEASANTS' MOBILIZATION --- p.80-113 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.114-125 / SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY / Chapter - --- ENGLISH TITLES / Chapter - --- CHINESE TITLES

by Ho Keung-sing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / Preface --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / Detailed Contents --- p.vii / Maps --- p.xi / Photos --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Profile of the Community --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- What is Filial Piety --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Approaches to study Filial Piety --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodological Debate in Sociology --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Major Characteristics of Positivism --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Rise of Positivism from the View of the Sociology of Knowledge --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Method and Instrument of Positivism --- p.20 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Major Characteristics of Anti-positivism --- p.22 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methodological Implications --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Research Problems --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Definitions of Variables --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Hypothesis --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Data Collection Methods and Methods of Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Data from Survey --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methods of Analysis on the Survey --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3 --- Indepth Interview --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Analysis of Indepth Interview-----Verbal Description --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Findings --- p.71 / Chapter 6.1 --- The First Group Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Perception of Responsibility Fulfillment --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Second Group Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Present Request on Children --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Third Group Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Future Request on Children --- p.84 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Fourth Group Hypothesis-----The Effects of Parents' Perception on Respondents' Present and Future Request on Children --- p.104 / Chapter 6.5 --- LISREL Model and Some Alternatives --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Interpretation and Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter 7.1 --- Group One Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Perception of Responsibility Fulfillment --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2 --- Group Two Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Present Request on Children --- p.137 / Chapter 7.3 --- Group Three Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Future Request on Children --- p.139 / Chapter 7.4 --- Group Four Hypothesis-----The Effects of Parents' Perception on Respondents' Present and Future Request on Children --- p.142 / Chapter 7.5 --- Sex Role Effects on Elderly Care Perception --- p.143 / Chapter 7.6 --- The Relationship between Region and Elderly Care Perception --- p.147 / Chapter 7.7 --- Multi-variate Analysis --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.150 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Limitation and Suggestion --- p.152 / Bibliography --- p.154 / Appendices