Tarski's semantic conception of truth is arguably the most influential - certainly, most discussed - modern conception of truth. It has provoked many different interpretations and reactions, some thinkers celebrating it for successfully explicating the notion of truth, whereas others have argued that it is no good as a philosophical account of truth. The aim of the thesis is to offer a systematic and critical investigation of its nature and significance, based on the thorough explanation of its conceptual, technical as well as historical underpinnings. The methodological strategy adopted in the thesis reflects the author's belief that in order to evaluate the import of Tarski's conception we need to understand what logical, mathematical and philosophical aspects it has, what role they play in his project of theoretical semantics, which of them hang in together, and which should be kept separate. Chapter 2 therefore starts with a detailed exposition of the conceptual and historical background of Tarski's semantic conception of truth and his method of truth definition for formalized languages, situating it within his project of theoretical semantics, and Chapter 3 explains the formal machinery of Tarski's truth definitions for increasingly more complex languages. Chapters 4-7 form the core of the...

This work retrieves an conception of musical semantics in the work of Vladimír Karbusický. It consists of three parts. The first one focused on Karbusický's works Beethovenův list "An die unsterbliche Geliebte" a jeho hudební dílo [Beehtoven's letter "An die unsterbliche Geliebte" and his musical work] from the year 1969 and Podstata umění [The essence of art] published in the same year, which presents characteristics of four components of arts situated into an quadripolar ontological model of arts. This model is motivated by the structuralism of Jan Mukařovský and by an asemantic nature of musical forms. The poles of this model represent a subject, an object, a material and a society, and create a web of relations between each other. This way they create a field of interaction governed by dynamical and energetic forces. The respective components arise from the relation of a subject to the other poles, and they are divided into semantic and asemantic ones. Among the semantic components we put a picture, an expression and a symbol; the asemantic components are defined by a game and a construction. The second part deals with Karbusický's critical attitudes to a theory of reflection, to an application of a one-sided semiotics to music, and to considering music and language the same. The theory of...

Vít Punčochář Dissertation: Hypothetical Judgements, Truth and Assertibility Abstract: The main topic of this thesis is the logic of indicative conditionals, i.e. sentences of the form If A then B. In classical logic, these sentences are analysed with the help of the so- called material implication. However, the analysis is problematic in many respects. Some chapters of the thesis are devoted to the explanation of the problems, which one necessarily faces when analysing conditionals with the apparatus of standard classical logic. The stress is laid upon the fact that here we are led to a paradoxical situation: some general principles of classical logic (e.g. the principle according to which one can infer If not-A then B from A or B) seem to be unquestionable, but they have very controversial consequences. In the thesis, attempts are presented to defend classical logic as well as to revise it. The approaches to the logical analysis of conditionals are classified into two basic kinds: the first one might be called ontic and the second one epistemic. The ontic approach defines all crucial semantic notions in terms of the concept of truth that is modelled in logic as a relation between sentences of a given language and states of affairs. In contrast, the epistemic approach is not based on the concept of truth...

The aim of the present thesis is to analyze the Norwegian existential construction (presenteringskonstruksjonen) with regard to syntax, static semantics, dynamic semantics, and functional sentence perspective (FSP). The thesis first introduces the firbasian FSP theory in general, demonstrating the concepts on Norwegian examples. Then the theories most relevant for the study of the existential construction are summarized. The analysis is carried out on a sample of 1000 instances (500 taken from fiction and 500 excerpted from academic prose), and focuses mainly on the notional subject, the verb, and a possible adverbial. The syntactic analysis includes the position and the structure of the notional subject and adverbials. In addition, the lexical semantics of the head words and static semantics of adverbials were observed. The FSP analysis focused on the FSP functions of the individual clause elements and the FSP patterns the existential construction may realize. In addition, the dynamic semantic roles were studied in relation to the static semantic roles. The aim of the analyses is to find out in what circumstances the existential construction may realize the presentation scale or the quality scale, and what functions the construction may perform. The thesis observes the application of FSP on real...

This diploma thesis is concerned with the theme of adopted German words in Russian language. While working on my thesis I used method of excerption words from the dictionary of foreign words. In accordance with this method, I was able to find more than 700 words which I finally processed from different linguistic perspectives. In theoretic part of my diploma thesis I was concerning possibility of word adoption, types of adopted words, adoptions from foreign languages and history of word adoption from German language to Russian language. In practical part, I was concerning with phonetic, orthographic, morphological, word-forming and stylistic aspect of adopted German words. The last chapter is devoted to the semantic characteristics of loanwords and their division into thematic categories. The list of all excerpted words in Russian and also their Czech translation is included in the annexe.

This thesis focuses on the issues of lexical negation in French adjectives as well as on other parts of speech - nouns and adverbs. Its objective is the description of functioning of the lexical negation and the examination of restriction, which it is accompanied by. Based on these findings, the practical part (i.e. personal research) will try to define the tendencies of the use of lexical negation in the near future. Last but not least, this thesis also describes the use of general negation or out of standard French language - in argot or in spoken language.

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This thesis analyzes the first two poetry collections by Vladimir Holan - Triumf smrti (1930, revision 1936, 1948) and Vanutí (1932). At first, it focuses on identifying their rhythmic structure, its constants and the successive transformations. Particular attention is given to reprocessing of collection Triumf smrti - in the analysis of its three variants to see, how did the Holan's conception of poetic rhythm developed and its relationship to semantics of poetic text and its transformations. Part of exploration is to determine the function of poetic rhythm constants in individual collections, accompanied by an attempt to demonstrate that the relationship of rhythm, euphony and instrumentation of verse and their interaction belongs to the basic components of Holan's lyricism in this period. Furthermore, the work deals with the semantics of these Holan's collections, especially analysis of the basic features of his metaphor and metonymy, their mutual relationship, changes of the metaphors into metonymy and overgrowth in the context of poetic text into symbols. The purpose of the work is to show that the essence of poetic semantics in these collections lies in the specificity and uniqueness of their poetics, from which it is inevitably born, grows and shapes.

Diplomová práce se zabývá problémem strojového učení nepozorovaných úrovní abstrakce mělké sémantické reprezentace. Odstraňujeme předpoklady, které se při sémantické anotaci lingvistických zdrojů obvykle činí, např. pevný počet sémantických rolí v PropBanku, a učíme se klíčové lingvistické prvky této ano- tace (sémantické rámce, slovesa, lexikální a syntaktické třídy) s různou mírou ab- strakce. Model implementujeme pomocí latentních gramatik a získané struktury je možné použít pro úlohu značkování sémantických rolí (semantic role labeling, SRL) v několika jazycích s přesností srovnatelnou s jinými současnými přístupy. Navíc ukazujeme, že tyto struktury jsou velmi blízké abstrakcím, které je možné pozorovat ve FrameNetu. Celkovým výsledkem je tak jazykově-nezávislý model sémantické informace bez rysů, který produkuje interpretovatelné struktury a jeho použitelnost je na úloze SRL empiricky ověřena.

Title: Toward concept visualization through image generation Author: Tien Dat Nguyen Department: Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Supervisors: Pavel Pecina (Charles University in Prague), Angeliki Lazaridou, Raffaella Bernardi, Marco Baroni (University of Trento), Abstract: Computational linguistic and computer vision have a common way to embed the semantics of linguistic/visual units through vector representation. In addition, high-quality semantic representations can be effectively constructed thanks to recent advances in neural network methods. Nevertheless, the under- standing of these representations remains limited, so they need to be assessed in an intuitive way. Cross-modal mapping is mapping between vector semantic embedding of words and the visual representations of the corresponding objects from images. Inverting image representation involves learning an image inversion of visual vectors (SIFT, HOG and CNN features) to reconstruct the original one. The goal of this project is to build a complete pipeline, in which word represen- tations are transformed into image vectors using cross modal mapping and these vectors are projected to pixel space using inversion. This suggests that there might be a groundbreaking way to inspect and evaluate the semantics encoded in word representations by...