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A range of structurally diverse, novel antimicrobial agents - non-polymerizable, polymerizable and polymeric - have been synthesized and tested for antimicrobial activity against the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae EL 1 in orange and apple juice media. The aim of this work was to provide attractive candidates for use in liquid food preservatives. The acrylamido thiazolyl monomer 67 (Scheme 1) was prepared but tested as inactive. Attempts to prepare the novel thiazolylsulfanilamide monomer 69 (Scheme 2) met with failure. The non-polymerizable antimicrobial agents benzofuroxan 71 (Scheme 3), nonyl 3-amino parabens 78 (Scheme 4) and benzokathon 99 (Scheme 6) were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity. Benzofuroxan 71 and, in particular, the parabens compound 78 displayed significant activity, whereas benzokathon 99 showed little activity. Polymerizable analogues of compounds 71, 78 and 99 would make useful targets towards the development of polymeric antimicrobial agents. Attempts to prepare the chloropropyl kathon 93a and the bromoethyl kathon 93b (Scheme 5) met with failure. In principle, the kathons 93a and 93b could be modified, through relatively straightforward chemistry, to polymerizable analogues. The triethyl, tri-n-butyl, tri-n-octyl and triphenyl polymerizable phosphonium salts 105a-d (Scheme 7) were prepared as m/p-isomeric mixtures. The pure p-isomeric analogues 111b-d were prepared also. Only the tri-n-octyl phosphonium salt l05c displayed antimicrobial activity. This result supports the general finding that cationic biocides with long alkyl chains are more active than those with shorter chains. The tri-n-butyl phosphonium salt monomer 105b was polymerized. The resulting homo-polymer 112b (Scheme 8) was found to inhibit yeast growth more than the corresponding monomer 1OSb. This result supports the general finding that polymeric biocides are more active than the corresponding low molecular weight compounds. The diiodomethyl sulfone 125 (Arnical) and the analogous monoiodo species 126 (Scheme 10) were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity. Compounds 126 and, in particular, 125 displayed very potent activities. A polymerizable analogue of Arnical would make a useful target towards the development of polymeric antimicrobial diiodomethyl sulfones. The chemical breakdown of Amical 125, in chloroform, to molecular iodine was investigated by UV spectrophotometry. The rate of iodine production was found to be accelerated by ultraviolet light and to be decelerated by darkness. As a result of this discovery, a photochemical mechanism was proposed for the degradation. Further studies revealed that the rate of iodine production was inversely proportional to the Amical solution concentration. The monoiodo analogue 126 of Amical was also observed to break down in chloroform to produce iodine. However, iodine production resulting from the degradation of 126 was not as great compared with that of Amical. As a result, it was concluded that iodine production increases with the degree of iodonation. This conclusion was supported by UV spectrophotometric studies of the 'model' compound, iodoform (CHI3) - for solutions of identical concentration, iodine production increased in the order: 126 < 125 < CHI3. The chemical modification of Amberlyst 15 and Dowex 50-X8 sulfonic acid ion exchange resins 138 was conducted, in parallel, with the aim of producing a polymersupported diiodomethyl sulfone 142a (Scheme 12). Analytical evidence suggested that the transformation 138-142a was more successful on the Amberlyst resin. Despite this, however, only very low iodine loadings were obtained for the Amberlyst resin 142a. The Amberlyst- and Dowex-derived resin beads 138, 139, 141 and 142a were tested for antimicrobial activity in the 'dry' and 'wet' states using plate assay and liquid assay techniques respectively. Although some beads were active, and others were not, the microbiological data was too inconsistent, in general, to form any concrete conclusions regarding activity trends. The series of novel polymerizable nicotinate quaternary ammonium salts 148a-i (Scheme 13), with esters of different chain length and structure, were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity. A selection of the analogous isonicotinate compounds 149 were also prepared and tested. It was found that an increase in ester chain length lead to an increase in activity, with the Cg, C9 and C12 nicotinate quats (l48g, 148h and 148i respectively) testing as the most active. In addition, it was found that the straight -chain compounds were more active than their branched-chain counterparts (e.g. 148e was more active than 148f). The position of the ester group on the pyridinium ring (c.f. 148 and 149 series) did not appear to significantly influence antimicrobial activity. The octyl nicotinate quat 148g was polymerized with the aim of producing a water-soluble polymeric pyridinium salt. However, the resulting homo-polymer 150 (Scheme 14) was insoluble and, as a result, was not tested for antimicrobial activity. A selection of the analogous isonicotinate compounds 149 were also prepared and tested. It was found that an increase in ester chain length lead to an increase in activity, with the Cg, C9 and C12 nicotinate quats (l48g, 148h and 148i respectively) testing as the most active. In addition, it was found that the straight -chain compounds were more active than their branched-chain counterparts (e.g. 148e was more active than 148f). The position of the ester group on the pyridinium ring (c.f. 148 and 149 series) did not appear to significantly influence antimicrobial activity. The octyl nicotinate quat 148g was polymerized with the aim of producing a water-soluble polymeric pyridinium salt. However, the resulting homo-polymer 150 (Scheme 14) was insoluble and, as a result, was not tested for antimicrobial activity. The m/p-isomeric version 151 of the quat 148g was co-polymerized, separately, with acrylamide and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (Scheme 15). It was hoped that co-polymerizing 151 with a hydrophilic monomer would produce a water-soluble pyridinium salt co-polymer. However, both the co-polymers 153 and 154 were insoluble in water and, again, testing of these materials was not pursued.

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Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1997

Abstract ArsA protein is the catalytic component of the bacteria plasmid R773-encoded ArsAB pump that is in involved in As3+ detoxification. Homologues of the ArsA protein are found in nearly all organisms but the biological functions of these homolog proteins are still unclear. The ArsA homologue in S. cerevisiae is encoded by the ORF YDL100c. Initial studies show that deletion of YDL100c in S. cerevisiae was not lethal and had no effect on As3+ sensitivity at 30¢J. However, the disrupted strain (KO strain) is unable to grow at 40¢J and shows increased sensitivity to Co2+,Zn2+,As3+ and Sb3+ at 37¢J by spotting assay. In this study, a plasmid (YEp352) carrying the YDL100c under the control of its endogenous promoter was used to study the induction of YDL100c under various stress conditions. The data show that the expression of Ydl100cp increased 30 % at 37¢J compared to that at 30¢J, and the expression can be induced by low dosage of Zn2+, Ni2+, Sb3+ and neutral to alkaline pH. Overall, temperature is the best inducer for Ydl100cp expression. Besides, searching Ydl100cp in Internet yeast two hybrid database and YDL100c promoter sequence analysis database suggest the following experiments and results:¡]1¡^2D gel electrophoresis assay to demonstrate different protein patterns between WT and KO strain under nonpermissive temperature. ¡]2¡^Flow cytometry data indicate most of KO strain cells growth arrest at G2/M phase in nonpermissive temperature. ¡]3¡^Microscopic data reveal KO stain cells grew very densely and showed cluster phenotype at nonpermissive temperature. When Congo red was used to stain cell wall¡Ait was found that these cluster cells is actually one cell. Although the cell wall between mother and daughter cell can form cleavage furrow, the formation is not complete and cell can¡¦t separate into two individuals. Consequently, the cells grow densely with cluster form and mega-polynuclear cells. It suggests Ydl100cp is induced and plays a role in cell cycle under nonpermissive temperature. The function of Ydl100cp may be a late mitosis cyclin-like protein or cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that controls several downstream genes related to cell wall formation, maintenance, and structure. Because KO strain does not have Ydl100cp, it shows different growth patterns compared to WT strain when grow at nonpermissive temperature. Initial studies suggest that YDL100c is involved in general responses because KO strain shows sensitivity to a broad range of metals. However, based on the results have, it is possible that Ydl100cp is involved in cell wall structure, formation and maintenance. Under nonpermission temperature cell wall of KO strain had defect that led to defect in ion transport structure. Therefore cell can remove not only can not poison metals especially Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, arsenite and antimonite metals right away but these metals can also pass cell wall into cytoplasm that causes KO strain reveals sensitivity to metals. To sum up the results, the expression of Ydl100cp can be induced under nonpremssive temperature to decrease mega-polynuclear cells formation and control downstream genes for cell wall formation, maintenance and structure. Therefore yeast cells can survive at nonpermissive temperature instead to be killed.