Tesis para optar al grado de Doctora en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mención Ingeniería Química y Biotecnología / Salinosporamide A is a cytotoxic that has been proven to combat various types of cancer and malaria. It is currently in phases II and III of approval as an anticarcinogen. The advantages that poses over other cytotoxics are greater activity at low concentrations and highly specific. It acts on the proteasome-ubiquitin system, responsible of apoptosis in cells. This secondary metabolite is naturally ocurred in the actinomycetes bacterium strictly marine, Salinispora tropica that needs a specific ionic force in the medium to grow. Due to his nature it is a promisory source of secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical use hereby is constantly studied. The CNB440 strain is the representative strain of the species and posses a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model (GSM). The goal of this work was to implement diverse metabolic and genetic strategies that allow improve the production of Salinosporamide A. Chapter 4 of this thesis details the proves to establish the protocols for growth and determination of Salinosporamide A, Define the sensitivity of bacteria to kanamycin (100 ug/ml), thiostreptone (12 µg/ml) and apramycin (12 µg/ml). The growth curves in several minimum mediums, and stablish the methodology for the determination of Salinosporamide A. Chapter 5 describes the genetic strategy used to modify the bacterium and generate a higher concentration of Salinosporamide A. The strategy followed was by recombination homologous with the temperature sensitive vector (pGM1190) and transferred to S. tropica by conjugation with the strain E. coli ET12567/pUZ8002, to delete specific sites on the chromosome of S. tropica. These molecular tools have been successfully used in the transformation of various Streptomyces, but had not been tested in Salinispora. The sites suggested to be deletedto increase the production of the secondary metabolite were 3 clusters of genes sporolides, lymphostine and salinilactam. But due to various complications in the development of the present work only the deletion of the sporolide gene cluster was evaluated and this resulted in an increase of 20% in metabolite production. Chapter 6 details the use of genome-scale metabolic model iCC908 for increase the production of Salinosporamide A. The first stage consisted in establishing the working environment of the model, to increase the accuracy of the model, integrated growth data, metabolites in medium production and determination of Salinosporamide A, with this was also able define in silico the supplementation of medium production, to obtain more Salinosporamide A. . The second stage consisted of applying different algorithms OptKnock, OptGene, OptOrf, GDLS, FSEOF, which browse reactions or genes within the genome-scale model that could be, deleted, blocked or overexpressed to increase the production of the secondary metabolite. We found several candidates that were evaluated in silico and we proposed to evaluate the deletion of two genes. As the last stage, were evaluated the metabolic pathways that increase production by gene overexpression. The evaluation of this metabolic pathways consist in add diverse substrates that increase the flow in the pathway of the gene to be overexpresed, tyrosine at a concentration of 5mM increase the production of the secondary metabolite Salinosporamide A by 180%, enhancing the presence of phenylalanine in the medium. With these results it was possible to obtain a medium production that increased in 2.8 times Salinosporamide A by fermentation based on the use of the genome-scale metabolic model. And also was possible transform the strain S. tropica with genetic tools previously proved in Streptomyces.

Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse à la cycloaddition [2+2] asymétrique de cétènes et à son application en synthèse totale. La meilleure réactivité des oléfines Z comparées aux oléfines E, une des caractéristiques de la cycloaddition [2+2], est étudiée à la fois d'un point vue synthétique et théorique via des calculs DFT. Une méthodologie de cycloaddition [2+2] asymétrique entre des éthers d'énol chiraux et divers cétènes générés in situ a ensuite été développée. Cette cycloaddition limitée jusqu'ici à l'utilisation du dichlorocétène a été étendue à une grande variété de cétènes, permettant l'obtention de cyclobutanones variées hautement fonctionnalisées. Les cyclobutanones chirales obtenues ont été engagées dans la synthèse totale de produits naturels : la lactacystine et la salinosporamide A, inhibiteurs du protéasome et potentiels anticancéreux. Ces synthèses présentent trois étapes clés communes : une cycloaddition [2+2] asymétrique, une expansion de cycle de type Beckmann et la fonctionnalisation des chaînes latérales. La synthèse formelle de la lactacystine est présentée dans ce manuscrit, ainsi que les travaux en cours vers la synthèse de la salinosporamide A. / This thesis work focuses on the [2+2] asymmetric cycloaddition of ketenes and its application in total synthesis. The best reactivity of Z olefins compared to E olefins, one of the features of the [2+2] cycloaddition, is studied both from a synthetic and theoretically point of view, via DFT calculations. A methodology of [2+2] asymmetric cycloaddition between chiral enol ethers and various in situ generated ketenes was then developed. Cycloadditions limited to the use of dichloroketene hitherto was extended to a wide range of ketenes, leading to various highly functionalized cyclobutanones. Those chiral cyclobutanones were engaged in the total synthesis of natural products: lactacystin and salinosporamide A, proteasome inhibitors and potent anticancer agent. These syntheses have three common key steps : a [2+2] asymmetric cycloaddition, a Beckmann type ring expansion and a side chains functionalization. The formal synthesis of lactacystin is presented in this manuscript, as well as the work in progress towards the synthesis of salinosporamide A.

<strong>Chapters 1</strong> and <strong>2</strong> of this thesis focus on the application manganese(III) and copper(II)-mediated oxidative radical cyclisation of alkenyl amidomalonates to the formation of pyrrolidinone-lactones and their subsequent use in the total syntheses of highly bioactive natural products. A novel concise total synthesis of (-)-salinosporamide A based on the oxidative cyclisation previously developed in the group is presented in <strong>chapter 1</strong>. The second chapter discusses the work towards the pyrrolidinone core of the oxazolomycin. Each chapter contains its own introduction to set in context the presented results, which discusses the isolation and the biological activity of the two families of natural products. Previous synthetic work toward salinosporamide A and the oxazolomycin family achieved in the group and reported in the literature is also described in the introduction of each chapter. The third chapter of the thesis succinctly presents the extension of the scope of the manganese(III) and copper(II)-mediated oxidative radical cyclisation reaction. The optimisation, development and scope of the rapid access to fused THF-lactones via the cyclisation of alkenyl oxymalonates is described. Preliminary synthetic manipulations of the resultant bicyclic products to study the application possibilities of the new reaction in future complex molecules syntheses are also presented. The final conclusion gives a summary of the results obtained and introduces the proposed future work that may arise from these three areas.