La lutte contre la grande pauvreté et l'indigence dans le Gard au XIXe siècle1789-1899 La mise au point d'une protection sociale généralisée et durableUne des premières missions conduites par la Révolution consiste à supprimer toute forme de pauvreté qui accable la population française la plus fragile. Le roi confie l'oeuvre d'assistance aux religieux alors que les révolutionnaires ambitionnent d'éradiquer le fléau de la misère.L'enjeu est double: protéger les départements des crises économiques et bâtir une protection sociale qui profite à chaque citoyen.Le présent travail se propose d'étudier la problématique que soulève cette situation dans le cadre géographique du département du Gard, au XIXe siècle. Pour tenter d'apporter un commencement de solution, il convient d'étudier, successivement et à travers trois périodes, l'oeuvre des intervenants historiques: les pouvoirs publics, les Eglises catholique et protestante, et les bienfaiteurs privés.- 1789-Période révolutionnaire Les caractéristiques de la grande pauvreté et de l'indigence dans le Gard;- 1789-1850 L'institutionnalisation progressive de l'aide aux personnes confrontées à la misère dans le département;- 1850-1899 La finalisation d'une protection sociale généralisée et durable. / The wrestle against the great poverty and the destitution in the department of Gard after the french revolution.During the ninetenth century, the part of the population more precarious endures a trying and social misery, that the revolution wants to remove. How break up this problematical question?For tempting to bring a solution, this work proposes to learn the situation in the department of Gard, in the present region Languedoc-Roussillon, cross three periods:- 1789-Revolutionary period : The characteristics ot the great poverty in the Gard;- 1789-1850 : The progressive institutionalisation of help for persons confronted at the misery in the department;- 1850-1899 : The finalisation of a social protection generalized and lasting.

The occupational group who works in the care of older people in Sweden is an exposed group since the work is often defined as a strenuous profession, both physical and psychically, and this puts comparatively many workers on sick leave. To promote good health, as well as prevent bad health is the main purpose of the work environment development. The attitude of the care manager towards work environment development may have a significant impact on the co-workers health. The purpose of the study was to investigate the attitude of care managers towards work environment development and the co-workers work environment and in the same time get knowledge in what issues they have a salutary approach respectively a pathological approach. Empirics were gathered from semi-structured interviews with six care managers from the care of older people administration in municipality of Kalmar. Two different organisation theories, Human Resource and Scientific management were used to analyse the empirics from the interview. Theories concerning salutary and pathological attitudes towards health were also used. The organisation theories were selected to understand the care managers attitude in the work environment development and the co-workers work environment. Every care managers in the interviews had both a salutary and a pathological attitude regarding the co-workers work environment and the work environment development concerning their own unit. The care managers waried between these two attitudes and one conclusion was that one attitude doesn’t need to exclude the other, they can rather be a complement to each other in a successful work environment development.  All the care managers in the study used strategies based on the Human Resource theory. For example everyone expressed that they worked on behalf of co-workers own influence, they encouraged independence and participation and they wanted every co-worker to experience the feeling of teamwork. However there are results in the study that point at, from a management perspective, the Scientific management too. This emerged when the care manager talked about savings conditions, the established budget of the unit, demands of efficiency and specialisation within the care of elderly.

<p>The occupational group who works in the care of older people in Sweden is an exposed group since the work is often defined as a strenuous profession, both physical and psychically, and this puts comparatively many workers on sick leave. To promote good health, as well as prevent bad health is the main purpose of the work environment development. The attitude of the care manager<em> </em>towards work environment development may have a significant impact on the co-workers health. The purpose of the study was to investigate the attitude of care managers towards work environment development and the co-workers work environment and in the same time get knowledge in what issues they have a salutary approach respectively a pathological approach. Empirics were gathered from semi-structured interviews with six care managers from the care of older people administration in municipality of Kalmar. Two different organisation theories, Human Resource and Scientific management were used to analyse the empirics from the interview. Theories concerning salutary and pathological attitudes towards health were also used. The organisation theories were selected to understand the care managers attitude in the work environment development and the co-workers work environment. Every care managers in the interviews had both a salutary and a pathological attitude regarding the co-workers work environment and the work environment development concerning their own unit. The care managers waried between these two attitudes and one conclusion was that one attitude doesn’t need to exclude the other, they can rather be a complement to each other in a successful work environment development.  All the care managers in the study used strategies based on the Human Resource theory. For example everyone expressed that they worked on behalf of co-workers own influence, they encouraged independence and participation and they wanted every co-worker to experience the feeling of teamwork. However there are results in the study that point at, from a management perspective, the Scientific management too. This emerged when the care manager talked about savings conditions, the<strong> </strong>established budget of the unit, demands of efficiency<strong> </strong>and specialisation within the care of elderly.</p>

The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.

The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.