Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcellaSLA_DISSERT.pdf: 2551228 bytes, checksum: 0102a63798a5e4ea6258e625c054ceb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-28 / The sludge generated in stabilization ponds can be designed for various purposes, among them we mention agricultural use, recovery of degraded areas and civil construction. The choice of these alternatives should be made based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sludge. In this context, this study characterized the digested sludge from an anaerobic lagoon in Cidade do Natal/RN, which deals exclusively with residues of depleted septic tanks and pits. The sludge showed levels of macro and micronutrients that confirm its potential for agriculture, with 139.49 g.kg -1 organic matter, 15.40 g.kg-1 nitrogen and metal concentrations below those required by Resolution No. 375/06 of CONAMA, besides the absence of fecal coliform and less than 0.15 viable helminthes eggs/g, on average. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles have a diameter similar to the sand, allowing the replacement of this input, for example. Analysis of the leachate and of the sludge solubilized classified as non-inert and non-hazardous according to NBR 10.004/04. The volume produced in three years of operation by the pond was 1903.50m?, equivalent to approximately 400 kg of dry sludge. Overall, the concentrations of the parameters were similar to literature, although none of them addresses sludge anaerobic pond treating sewer from septic tanks and pits.The sludgepresents technical feasibility to various types of use, however the cost of dewatering and especially with transport can derail it. It needs to be made a more thorough study of the costs to prove its economic viability / O lodo gerado em lagoas de estabiliza??o pode ser destinado para diversos fins, dentre eles citam-se o uso agr?cola, a recupera??o de ?reas degradas e a constru??o civil. A escolha dessas alternativas deve ser feita baseada nas caracter?sticas qualitativas e quantitativas do lodo. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho caracterizou o lodo digerido de uma lagoa anaer?bia na Cidade do Natal/RN, que trata exclusivamente os res?duos esgotados de tanques s?pticos e fossas. O lodo apresentou teores de macro e micronutrientes que confirmam seu potencial para a pr?tica agr?cola, com 139,49 g.kg-1 de mat?ria org?nica, 15,40 g.kg-1 de nitrog?nio e concentra??es de metais inferiores ?s exigidas pela Resolu??o n? 375/06 do CONAMA, al?m de aus?ncia de coliformes termotolerantes e menos de 0,15 ovos de helmintos vi?veis/g. em m?dia. As granulometria mostrou que a maioria das part?culas tem di?metro semelhante ao da areia, permitindo a substitui??o desse insumo, por exemplo. An?lises do lixiviado e do solubilizado classificaram o lodo como n?o inerte e n?o perigoso, de acordo com a NBR 10.004/04. O volume produzido em tr?s anos de funcionamento pela lagoa foi de 1.903,50m?, equivalente a aproximadamente400 kg de lodo seco.De forma geral, as concentra??es dos par?metros foram semelhantes ? literatura pesquisada, embora nenhuma delas aborde lodo de lagoa anaer?bia tratando res?duos esgotados de tanques s?pticos e fossas. O lodo apresenta viabilidade t?cnica para v?rios tipos de uso, por?m os custos com desaguamento e principalmente com transporte podem inviabiliz?-lo. ? necess?rio que seja feito um estudo mais aprofundado dos custos para atestar sua viabilidade econ?mica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRM_DISSERT.pdf: 1305186 bytes, checksum: f0d15acf090cf1d924f8439b0ff9c9ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In the semiarid region of northeastern of Brazil, the reservoirs are vulnerable to water level seasonal fluctuations, they re related to the hydrological cycle. The rain periods are irregular and there are long periods of drought that increases eutrophication process. That happens because of the water level s reduction and nutrient concentration. The Boqueirao, located in northeastern Brazil , is a mesotrophic reservoir. The reservoir is naturally susceptible to deterioration of water quality. This happens because of the potential diffuse sources arising from the use and occupation of the basin, associated with shallow soil caatinga biome and highly vulnerable to erosion. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the use and occupation of the area around and the water quality of the watershed. A study of the area around the Boqueir?o was performed, taking the potentially polluting activities. Limnological variables were monitored monthly in 3 points of the reservoir to assess the water quality. Was evidenced an event of prolonged drought, with rainfall below the historical average for the year of study. By the index of water quality, the watershed was classified as " good " during the whole year of 2012. According to the trophic index adopted the reservoir is characterized as mesotrophic. The main anthropogenic impacts identified in the soil were arboreal selective logging, mining, diffuse contribution of residues from agricultural and livestock activities. The lack of precipitation and the degradation of the surrounding area, affect negatively the water quality, requiring immediate control to prevent degradation of the watershed . Although there wasn t a majority polluting activity in the region. The total of several impacting activities, the high susceptibility of the soil and the selective clearing of caatinga vegetation can accelerate the natural process of eutrophication in the water body / Na regi?o semi?rida do nordeste brasileiro, os reservat?rios de abastecimento s?o suscet?veis ?s flutua??es sazonais do n?vel d ?gua, relacionadas ao ciclo hidrol?gico da regi?o. A irregularidade dos per?odos de chuva e os per?odos de seca prolongados favorecem o aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. Isso ocorre devido ? redu??o do n?vel da ?gua e concentra??o de nutrientes. O Boqueir?o de Parelhas, localizado no nordeste do Brasil, ? um reservat?rio mesotr?fico. Devido a potenciais fontes difusas oriundas do uso e ocupa??o da bacia, associados ao solo raso do bioma caatinga e a grande vulnerabilidade ? eros?o. O reservat?rio se encontra em condi??es naturalmente suscept?veis a deteriora??o na qualidade da ?gua. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influ?ncia do uso e ocupa??o do solo na ?rea de entorno e avaliar a qualidade da ?gua do manancial. Um estudo da ?rea do entorno do Boqueir?o, foi realizado, levando em considera??o as atividades potencialmente p oluidoras realizadas. Vari?veis limnol?gicas foram monitoradas mensalmente em 3 pontos do reservat?rio afim de avaliar a qualidade da ?gua. Foi evidenciado um evento de seca prolongada, com chuvas abaixo da media hist?rica no ano de estudo. Pelo ?ndice de qualidade da ?gua, esta foi classificada como boa durante todo o ano de 2012. De acordo com o ?ndice tr?fico adotado o reservat?rio se caracteriza como mesotr?fico. Os principais impactos antr?picos identificados no solo foram: desmatamento arb?reo seletivo, minera??o, contribui??o difusa de res?duos de atividades agr?colas e pecu?ria. A falta de precipita??o e a degrada??o da ?rea do entorno, afetam de forma negativa a qualidade da ?gua requerendo controle imediato para evitar degrada??o do manancial. Apesar de n?o haver uma atividade poluidora majorit?ria na regi?o, a somat?ria de diversas atividades impactantes, a elevada susceptibilidade do solo e o desmatamento seletivo da vegeta??o de caatinga podem favorecer a acelera??o do processo de eutrofiza??o natural do corpo d ?gua

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndrieviskGPS_DISSERT.pdf: 1181960 bytes, checksum: 3416b1e3bd91514fea43dc2c94f227dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The phytoplankton growth is dependent of several abiotic (nutrients, temperature) and biotic (predation by zooplankton) variables. In this work, a mathematical model was developed in Stella software to understand the planktonic dynamics of Extremoz Lagoon (RN) and to simulate scenarios of different environmental conditions. Data were collected monthly at two points of the lagoon. The state variables are phytoplankton and zooplankton and forcing variables are nitrogen, phosphorus and temperature. The results show that: a) the model are well coupled, especially when some constants assume different values; b) simulated nutrient concentrations reduction decreases phytoplankton biomass, but the increase of nutrients does not stimulate the growth; c) changes in the temperature does not change the phytoplankton biomass; d) changes in zooplankton biomass affect directly and reduces the phytoplankton, indicating a topdown control mechanism; e) changes in the nutrient concentration modified the biomass of zooplankton suggesting a rapid flow of energy between nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton and a ecosystem likely arranged in an inverted pyramid (higher concentration of zooplankton than phytoplankton) / O crescimento fitoplanct?nico ? dependente de uma s?rie de vari?veis abi?ticas (nutrientes, temperatura, luz) e bi?ticas (preda??o por zoopl?ncton e outros fitoplanct?fagos, bact?rias que provocam lise celular no fitopl?ncton). Neste trabalho, um modelo de compartimentos foi desenvolvido no software Stella para entender a din?mica planct?nica da Lagoa de Extremoz (RN) e simular diferentes cen?rios de altera??es em importantes vari?veis ambientais como fitopl?ncton e zoopl?ncton. As medi??es foram realizadas mensalmente em dois pontos da lagoa. As vari?veis de estado s?o fitopl?ncton e zoopl?ncton e as for?antes s?o nitrog?nio, f?sforo e temperatura. Os resultados mostram que: a) o modelo se ajusta bem aos dados, especialmente quando algumas constantes assumem diferentes valores; b) simula??es de redu??es das concentra??es de nutrientes diminuem a biomassa fitoplanct?nica, mas o aumento dos nutrientes n?o favorece o crescimento; c) altera??es na temperatura n?o modificam a biomassa fitoplanct?nica; d) modifica??es na biomassa de zoopl?ncton afetam diretamente e consideravelmente o fitopl?ncton, indicando um mecanismo de controle top-down; e) altera??es nas concentra??es de nutrientes modificam a biomassa do zoopl?ncton sugerindo um r?pido fluxo de energia entre nutrientes, fito e zoopl?ncton e um prov?vel ecossistema arranjado em pir?mide invertida (maior biomassa de zoopl?ncton do que fitopl?ncton)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SalatielRV_DISSERT.pdf: 3344605 bytes, checksum: 083e5071106853d45a5c3fde7712fcac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The Pitimbu River Watershed (PRW), belonging to Potiguar capital metropolitan area, State of Rio Grande do Norte, contributes, among other purposes, to human using and animal watering. This watershed is extremely important because, besides filling up with freshwater approximately 30% of the south part of Natal (South, East and West Zones), contributes to the river shore ecosystem equilibrium. Face to the current conjuncture, this study aims to evaluate the urban development dynamics in the PRW, applying Cellular Automata as a modeling instrument, and to simulate future urban scenarios, between 2014 and 2033, using the simulation program SLEUTH. In the calibration phase, urban spots for 1 984, 1992, 2004 and 2013 years were used, with resolution from 100 meters. After the simulation, it was found a predominance of organic growth, expanding the BHRP from existing urban centers. The spontaneous growth occurred through the fullest extent of the watershed, however the probability of effective growth should not exceed 21%. It was observed that, there was a 68% increase for the period between 2014 and 2033, corresponding to an expansion area of 1,778 ha. For 2033, the source of Pitimbu River area and the Jiqui Lake surroundings will increase more than 78%. Finally, it was seen an exogenous urban growth tendency in the watershed (outside-in). As a result of this growth, hydraulics resources will become scarcer / A Bacia Hidrogr?fica do Rio Pitimbu (BHRP), pertencente ? regi?o metropolitana da capital Potiguar, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), contribui, entre outros fins, para o consumo humano e dessedenta??o animal. Essa bacia ? de suma import?ncia, pois al?m de abastecer com ?gua doce aproximadamente 30% da popula??o da parte sul de Natal (zonas sul, leste e oeste), contribui para o equil?brio do ecossistema ao longo do rio. Diante da conjuntura atual, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a din?mica do desenvolvimento urbano na BHRP, aplicando Aut?matos Celulares como instrumento de modelagem, e simular cen?rios urbanos futuros, entre 2014 e 2033, empregando o programa de simula??o SLEUTH. Na fase de calibra??o, foram utilizadas as manchas urbanas para os anos de 1984, 1992, 2004 e 2013, com resolu??o 100 metros. Ap?s a simula??o, verificou-se que houve uma predomin?ncia do crescimento org?nico, expandindo-se na BHRP, a partir de centros urbanos existentes. O crescimento espont?neo ocorreu por toda extens?o da Bacia, por?m a probabilidade de crescimento efetivo n?o deve ultrapassar 21%. Verificou-se um crescimento de 68% para o per?odo entre 2014 e 2033, correspondendo a uma ?rea de expans?o de 1.778 ha. Para o ano de 2033, a ?rea da nascente do rio Pitimbu e proximidades da lagoa do Jiqui ter?o a possibilidade efetiva de crescimento acima de 78%. Por fim, observou -se uma tend?ncia de crescimento urbano ex?geno (de fora para dentro) na Bacia. Em consequ?ncia desse crescimento, os recursos h?dricos tornar-se-?o cada vez mais escassos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoisesAFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 1322817 bytes, checksum: d69733a37de991cb265f0cf0939bee27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds / A pesquisa avaliou a remo??o das microalgas produzidas em um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o utilizando biofiltros como p?s-tratamento, al?m de caracterizar os efluentes de lagoas de estabiliza??o e dos filtros no tocante ?s concentra??es de biomassa algal (clorofila a e s?lidos suspensos), mat?ria org?nica (DBO e DQO), ortofosfato, f?sforo total, pH e oxig?nio dissolvido, e buscou correlacionar os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos com a clorofila a . Foi realizada na ETE Ponta Negra que ? constitu?da por tr?s lagoas de estabiliza??o, sendo uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria e duas de matura??o. Para a remo??o das algas, foram utilizados dois biofiltros submersos: o filtro FLF -alimentado com efluente da lagoa facultativa; e o filtro FLM - alimentado com efluente da segunda lagoa de matura??o. O material de enchimento de ambos os filtros foi predominantemente brita n? 2, apesar de conter por??es de brita n? 1 e n? 3. As condi??es operacionais dos filtros eram p?ssimas, pois estavam h? quase 10 anos sem manuten??o, sem limpeza ou remo??o do lodo desde a ?poca da constru??o, podendo parte do material de enchimento estar colmatado. Apesar das condi??es operacionais prec?rias foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios, em n?vel de p?s-tratamento. As efici?ncias de remo??o em rela??o ? DBO e DQO foram de 7 e 25% no FLF e 9 e 19% no FLM, respectivamente. Em rela??o aos SST as efici?ncias no FLF e FLM foram de 37 e 20%, respectivamente. Quanto ? remo??o de clorofila a , a efici?ncia no FLF foi de 44% e no FLM foi de 40%. Houve o consumo de 50% do oxig?nio dissolvido, em m?dia, no interior dos filtros. Foram realizados dois perfis nos filtros, e foi poss?vel concluir que as varia??es ao longo do dia n?o foram estatisticamente significativas, e que, independentemente do hor?rio da coleta, teriam a mesma representatividade ao comparar com o hor?rio da coleta da pesquisa (7 horas da manh?) e a m?dia di?ria, embora as varia??es pontuais ao longo do dia tenham se mostrado expressivas. Outra importante observa??o foi que as correla??es entre Clorofila a e SST foram maiores e mais significativas nos efluentes dos filtros do que nos efluentes das lagoas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFSF_DISSERT.pdf: 5192980 bytes, checksum: c2b3b9a8cbb06f679d5b9ca1b25bd740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the Macro System of Regional Water Distribution Natal North (RNN) and Southern Regional Natal (RNS), covering 35% and 65% respectively of the Natal-RN City. The terms of the quality and quantity of water (surface and groundwater) were also evaluated in order to adjust the parameters that contribute to proper distribution and control in water reserves. The methodology of the work took place from collecting volumetric data of production capacity and distribution of the two treatment plants for Regional as well as the flow rates of wells. Yet the quantitative capacity of reservation, distribution and consumption of the main reservoirs, population numbers and consumption of members neighborhoods were collected. Data were tabulated and used in computational simulator EPANET to diagnose possible through the water balance, the offers and demands on the water supply system in the neighborhoods of the capital, linking them to specific distribution points. We also evaluated the wells in the levels of nitrate in water consumed. As a result it was found that some neighborhoods in the South Regional Natal, was ranked as critical supply situation: City of Hope, Lagoa Nova and Nova Descoberta, where demand exceeds supply. While in most Northern Regional Natal present deficiency in the supply system as: Lagoa Azul, the Parque dos Coqueiros, igap?, Amarante and Salinas. The rates of nitrate in the city were significant, but manageable with corrective and preventive measures. The averages were 12 mg /l-N in Candel?ria, 10 mg/l-N in Lagoa Nova, 9 mg/l-N in Satelite, 20 mg/l-N in Gramore and 15 mg/l-N in N. Sra. Apresenta??o. Therefore proper distribution of water abstracted and implementation of quality control ensures the supply required by the system, associated with preservation of Water Resources of the Metropolitan Region of Natal / O objetivo deste estudo ? caracterizar e avaliar o Macro Sistema de Distribui??o de ?gua da Regional Natal Norte (RNN) e Regional Natal Sul (RNS), abrangendo 35% e 65% respectivamente da Cidade do Natal-RN. As condi??es da qualidade e quantidade das ?guas (superficiais e subterr?neas) tamb?m foram avaliadas com a finalidade de ajuste aos par?metros que contribuam para adequada distribui??o e controle nas reservas h?dricas. A metodologia do trabalho se deu a partir da coleta dos dados volum?tricos da capacidade de produ??o e distribui??o das duas Esta??es de Tratamento das Regionais, assim como as vaz?es dos po?os tubulares. Foram coletados ainda os quantitativos da capacidade de reserva??o, distribui??o e consumo dos principais reservat?rios, n?mero populacional e o consumo dos bairros integrantes. Os dados foram tabulados e usados no simulador computacional EPANET que possibilitou diagnosticar, atrav?s do balan?o h?drico, as ofertas e demandas no sistema de abastecimento de ?gua nos bairros da capital, associando-os nos pontos espec?ficos de distribui??o. Foram tamb?m avaliados os po?os tubulares quanto aos n?veis de Nitrato na ?gua consumida. Como resultado verificou-se que alguns bairros da Regional Natal Sul, foi classificado em situa??o cr?tica de abastecimento como: Cidade da Esperan?a, Lagoa Nova e Nova Descoberta, onde a demanda supera a oferta. Enquanto na Regional Natal Norte a maioria apresentaram defici?ncia no sistema de abastecimento como: Lagoa Azul, Parque dos Coqueiros, igap?, Amarante e Salinas. Os ?ndices de Nitrato na cidade apresentaram signific?ncia, por?m, control?vel com medidas corretivas e preventivas. As m?dias foram 12 mg/l-N em Candel?ria, 10 mg/l-N em Lagoa Nova, 9 mg/l-N em Sat?lite, 20 mg/l-N em Gramor? e 15 mg//-N em N. Sra da Apresenta??o. Portanto a adequada distribui??o da ?gua captada e a implementa??o de controle de qualidade garante o suprimento requerido pelo sistema, associados a preserva??o dos Recursos H?dricos da Regi?o Metropolitana de Natal

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiltonBV.pdf: 1188933 bytes, checksum: 0027ba3da37c2c26ef04d16c288622a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-30 / Waste stabilization ponds are the main technology in use for domestic sewage treatment in Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), northeast Brazil. The are around 80 systems, constructed mainly by municipal city halls, being series comprised by a primary facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds the most used configuration. Due to problems related with the production and destination of sludge and generation of bad odors, the designers have avoided the use of anaerobic lagoons. The majority of systems are rarely monitored to verify their efficiencies and to get new project parameters for future designing. This work has as purpose to make a diagnosis of efficiency of three series of waste stabilization pond series (WSPS) of Jardim Lola 1, Jardim Lola 2 and Beira Rio, located in the North Zone of the city of the Natal/RN, treating domestic raw sewage, on the removal of organic matter and thermotolerant coliform, comparing the operational conditions of the systems this inside of the bands foreseen in the project, through parameters BOD5, QOD, thermotolerant coliforms, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, ammoniac nitrogen, total and suspended solids. The work was carried through in the WSPS, all constituted by a primary facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds. Socioeconomic characteristics of population are predominantly low and all the plants are very near of the contributing basins. The series were monitored from of May the November of 2002, totalizing 20 collections of grab samples of raw sewage and ponds effluents between 8:00 and 9:50 h. The main aspect to be detached by the results was the great concentration of organic matter (BOD and COD) and microorganisms the raw sewage which were around two times more concentrated than those values foreseen one in project. Considering all series the highest removals of organic matter were observed in system Beira Rio (84 and 78% of BOD and COD, respectively), which presented high hydraulic detention time (TDH = 89 days). On the other hand, Jardim Lola 1 and Jardim Lola 2 presented a much lower values of HDT (36 days and 18 days respectively) and their removals of BOD and COD were the same (76% and 60%, respectively). The Beira Rio WSPS, was the most efficient verified in relation to solids and ammonia, proving the great influence of the operational variables such as HDT and applied surface organic loadings on the performance of pond series. Although the treatment plants have reached efficiencies of thermotolerant coliforms around 99,999%, the concentrations in the final effluent can be considered very high for launching in aquatic bodies, particularly those produced by Jardim Lola 1 and Jardim Lola 2 series / O sistema de lagoas estabiliza??o ? o tipo de tratamento de esgoto dom?stico mais utilizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, contando com 80 sistemas, constru?dos principalmente pelas prefeituras municipais, sendo o sistema de lagoas em s?rie constitu?das de lagoa facultativa prim?ria seguida de lagoas de matura??o um dos mais utilizados. Devido aos problemas relacionados com a produ??o e destino de lodo e gera??o de maus odores, os projetistas t?m evitado o uso de lagoas anaer?bias. Vale salientar que tais sistemas de lagoas comumente n?o s?o monitorados de forma adequada para verificar suas efici?ncias e obter dados para futuros projetos. Este trabalho tem como finalidade fazer um diagn?stico da efici?ncia de tr?s s?ries de lagoas de estabiliza??o na grande Natal, Jardim Lola 1, Jardim Lola 2 e Beira Rio, na remo??o de mat?ria org?nica e coliformes termotolerantes e, verificar se as condi??es operacionais dos sistemas esta dentro das faixas previstas no projeto, atrav?s dos par?metros DBO5, DQO, coliformes termotolerantes, oxig?nio dissolvido, pH, temperatura, nitrog?nio amoniacal, s?lidos totais e suspensos. Os sistemas estudados s?o constitu?dos por uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria seguida de duas lagoas de matura??o, que atendem a uma popula??o predominante de baixa renda a qual est? bem pr?xima da esta??o de tratamento de esgoto. As tr?s ETE s foram monitoradas no per?odo de maio a novembro de 2002, totalizando 20 coletas de amostras pontuais de esgoto bruto e efluentes das lagoas entre 8:00 e 9:50 h. Os principais aspectos a serem destacados no monitoramento foram a grande concentra??o de mat?ria org?nica e microrganismos nos esgoto brutos afluentes em rela??o ao previsto em projeto. Considerando toda a s?rie as maiores remo??es de mat?ria org?nica ocorreram no sistema Beira Rio (84 e 78% de DBO e DQO, respectivamente), que apresentava um TDH de 89 dias enquanto que os sistemas de Jardim Lola 1 e 2 eram de 36 dias e 18 dias respectivamente, foram determinadas remo??es semelhantes de DBO (76%) e de DQO em torno de 60%. O sistema Beira Rio tamb?m foi o mais eficiente na remo??o de s?lidos e de nitrog?nio amoniacal, comprovando a grande influ?ncia das vari?veis operacionais tais como tempo de deten??o hidr?ulica e carga org?nica aplicada, no desempenho dos sistemas de tratamento. Embora as esta??es de tratamento tenham atingido efici?ncias de coliformes termotolerantes em torno de 99,999%, as concentra??es nos efluentes finais podem ser consideradas muito elevadas para lan?amento em corpos aqu?ticos, particularmente as de Jardim Lola 1 e 2

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SayonaraAM.pdf: 1044063 bytes, checksum: d1b95ad1d99c6054fef5cfc1ae612b07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In Natal/RN, 68% of the population uses some kind of individual system for their domestic sewers treatment, being that the most used it is septic tank, followed by sumidouro. Every treatment system of sewers, usually used, generates a by-product denominated sludge. That residue presents some components, in its constitution, undesirable under the environmental and sanitary point of view. In such case, to assure that the system treatment has satisfactory results, it is necessary to do the adjusted disposition of the sludge sewage. Several countries are looking for technical alternatives for the use and disposition of residues. Under technical and environmental conditions appropriate, these materials can be used, decreasing the consumption of the natural resources and the treatment need, storage or elimination of the wastes, what decrease the risks created. Some of the alternatives of recycling of the sludge sewage are: the application in the agriculture, in the production of energy and as raw material in the civil construction. This study evaluated asphalt mixtures behavior that partially substituted conventional aggregates by septic tank sludge. The septic tank sludge gave origin to two raw materials called raw sludge and sludge ash. The raw sludge was put as a small aggregate and the sludge ash as filler. In the first experiment it was made a comparison between the mixture with conventional aggregates and the mixtures that replaced sand by raw sludge in the proportions from 5% to 40%. In the second experiment, it was made comparison between mixtures with 1%, 2% and 3% of sludge ash and cement. The stages developed along the study were: physical characterization of the conventional materials; physical, chemistry, thermal, mineralogical characterizations and analysis of environmental risk of the raw sludge; physical characterization and analysis of environmental risk of the sludge ash; analysis of the mixtures performance through its volumetric and mechanical characteristics; forecast of the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence. For the grain size composition used and with the percentage asphalt adopted, the mixtures with up to 7,5% of raw sludge in his composition attend to the National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT) specifications. However, in agreement with the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence, the mixtures with addition of raw sludge don't present satisfactory acting. In such case, they could be used in arid and semi-arid areas. The raw sludge application in mixtures increased their voids volume and their stability. However, it damaged mixtures adhesiveness. Mixtures with sludge ash and with cement presented similar behavior. However, mixtures with sludge ash presented a better performance than mixtures with cement as for their stability and their tensile strength ratio. The mixture with 1% of sludge ash is better. The wastes studied don't represent environmental risk / Em Natal/RN, 68% da popula??o adotam algum tipo de sistema individual para o tratamento dos seus esgotos dom?sticos, sendo que a mais empregada ? a do tipo tanque s?ptico, seguido de sumidouro. Todo sistema de tratamento de esgotos, usualmente empregado, gera um subproduto denominado lodo. Esse res?duo apresenta alguns componentes, em sua constitui??o, indesej?veis sob o ponto de vista ambiental e sanit?rio. Sendo assim, para garantir que o sistema de tratamento tenha resultados satisfat?rios, ? necess?rio fazer a disposi??o final adequada do lodo de esgoto. V?rios pa?ses v?m buscando alternativas t?cnicas para o aproveitamento e disposi??o de res?duos. Sob condi??es t?cnicas e ambientais adequadas, estes materiais podem ser empregados, diminuindo assim o consumo dos recursos naturais e a necessidade de tratamento, armazenamento ou elimina??o dos rejeitos, tendo-se, como conseq??ncia, a redu??o dos riscos gerados. Algumas das alternativas de reciclagem do lodo de esgoto s?o: a aplica??o do mesmo na agricultura, na produ??o de energia e como insumo na constru??o civil. Este trabalho avalia o comportamento de misturas asf?lticas que substituem parcialmente os agregados convencionais por lodo de tanque s?ptico. O lodo de tanque s?ptico originou duas mat?rias-prima denominadas lodo in natura e lodo calcinado. O lodo in natura foi empregado como um agregado mi?do e o lodo calcinado como um filler. No primeiro experimento, fez-se a compara??o entre a mistura que empregou somente agregados convencionais e as misturas que substitu?ram a areia por lodo in natura nas propor??es de 5% a 40%. No segundo experimento, fez-se a compara??o entre as misturas com 1%, 2% e 3% de lodo calcinado e de cimento. As etapas desenvolvidas ao longo do estudo foram: caracteriza??o f?sica dos materiais convencionais; caracteriza??o f?sica, qu?mica, t?rmica, mineral?gica e an?lise de risco ambiental do lodo in natura; caracteriza??o f?sica e an?lise de risco ambiental do lodo calcinado; an?lise do desempenho das misturas que incorporaram os res?duos, atrav?s de seu comportamento volum?trico e mec?nico; previs?o da susceptibilidade das misturas estudadas na presen?a de umidade. Para a composi??o granulom?trica utilizada e com o teor de asfalto adotado, as misturas com at? 7,5% de lodo in natura em sua composi??o atendem as especifica??es do Departamento Nacional de Infra-estrutura de Transportes DNIT. No entanto, de acordo com o ensaio de susceptibilidade ? umidade, as misturas com adi??o de lodo in natura n?o apresentam desempenho satisfat?rio. Sendo assim, elas poderiam ser empregadas em regi?es ?ridas e semi-?ridas. A incorpora??o de lodo in natura aumenta o volume de vazios e a estabilidade das misturas. No entanto, prejudica a adesividade das mesmas na presen?a de ?gua. As misturas com lodo calcinado apresentam comportamento semelhante ?s misturas com cimento. No entanto, apresentam melhor desempenho quanto ? estabilidade e a rela??o de resist?ncia ? tra??o. A mistura com 1% de lodo calcinado ? a que apresenta melhor desempenho, segundo os crit?rios estudados. Os res?duos estudados n?o representam risco ambiental, de acordo com a an?lise preliminar feita

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelBJ.pdf: 822434 bytes, checksum: ccd5a4bf44ccc45607b7a5e18cd8570a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-21 / This dissertation presents a methodology to the optimization of a predial system of cold water distribution. It s about a study of a case applied to the Tropical Buzios Residential Condominium, located in the B?zio s Beach, N?sia Floresta city, the east coast of the Rio Grande do Norte state, twenty kilometers far from Natal. The design of cold water distribution networks according to Norm NBR 5626 of the ABNT - Brazilian Association of Techniques Norms, does not guarantee that the joined solution is the optimal solution of less cost. It s necessary the use of an optimization methodology, that supplies us, between all the possible solutions, the minimum cost solution. In the optimization process of the predial system of water distribution of the Tropical B?zios Condominium, is used Method Granados, that is an iterative algorithm of optimization, based on the Dynamic Programming, that supplies the minimum cost s network, in function of the piezometric quota of the reservoir. For the application of this Method in ramifies networks, is used a program of computer in C language. This process is divided in two stages: attainment of the previous solution and reduction of the piezometric quota of headboard. In the attainment of the previous solution, the minors possible diameters are used that guarantee the limit of maximum speed and the requirements of minimum pressures. The piezometric quota of headboard is raised to guarantee these requirements. In the second stage of the Granados Method, an iterative process is used and it objective is to reduce the quota of headboard gradually, considering the substitution of stretches of the network pipes for the subsequent diameters, considering a minimum addition of the network cost. The diameter change is made in the optimal stretch that presents the lesser Exchange Gradient. The process is locked up when the headboard quota of desired is reached. The optimized network s material costs are calculated, and is made the analysis of the same ones, through the comparison with the conventional network s costs / Esta Disserta??o apresenta uma metodologia para a otimiza??o de um sistema de distribui??o predial de ?gua fria. Trata-se de um estudo de caso aplicado ao Condom?nio Residencial B?zios Tropical, localizado na Praia de B?zios, munic?pio de N?sia Floresta, litoral leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, distante vinte quil?metros de Natal. O dimensionamento de redes de distribui??o predial de ?gua fria segundo os crit?rios da Norma NBR 5626 da ABNT - Associa??o Brasileira de Normas T?cnicas, n?o garante que a solu??o encontrada seja a solu??o ?tima de menor custo. ? necess?ria a utiliza??o de uma metodologia para otimiza??o, que nos forne?a, entre todas as solu??es poss?veis, a solu??o de custo m?nimo. No processo de otimiza??o do sistema de distribui??o predial do Condom?nio B?zios Tropical, ? utilizado o M?todo Granados, que ? um algoritmo iterativo de otimiza??o, baseado na Programa??o Din?mica, que fornece a rede de custo m?nimo, em fun??o da cota piezom?trica do reservat?rio. Para a aplica??o desse M?todo a redes ramificadas, ? utilizado um programa de computador em linguagem C. Esse processo ? dividido em duas etapas: obten??o da solu??o pr?via e redu??o da cota piezom?trica de cabeceira. Na obten??o da solu??o pr?via s?o utilizados os menores di?metros poss?veis que garantam o limite de velocidade m?xima e os requisitos de press?es m?nimas. A cota piezom?trica de cabeceira ? elevada ficticiamente para garantir esses requisitos. Na segunda etapa do M?todo Granados ? utilizado um processo iterativo, cujo objetivo ? reduzir gradualmente a cota de cabeceira, considerando a substitui??o de trechos da tubula??o da rede pelos di?metros subseq?entes, considerando um acr?scimo m?nimo de custo para a rede. A mudan?a de di?metro ? feita no trecho ?timo que apresenta o menor Gradiente de C?mbio. O processo se encerra quando ? atingida a cota de cabeceira desejada. S?o calculados os custos com materiais da rede otimizada e feita a an?lise dos mesmos, atrav?s da compara??o com os custos da rede convencional

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroASF.pdf: 2737700 bytes, checksum: d21b042ed827c2fb029870f975f7fdcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-07 / This work intends to develop an approach based through scientific criteria in the operational diagnosis of ponds of stabilization, starting from analyses accomplished in loco and in laboratory of 78 systems of sewer treatment through ponds of stabilization in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The objectives of the research are: to map, to evaluate and to diagnose the operational acting of the ponds of stabilization of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, through visits in loco and analyses laboratory; to build a SIG, through the map rain, locate the points of releases of sewages of the systems of existent ponds in Rio Grande do Norte, as well as operational data and his/her respective efficiency diagnosis in the removal of BOD and Coliforms Termotolerantes; to evaluate, in real scale, three systems of ponds of stabilization of RN in the operational efficiency for the parameters BOD5, COD, pH, Temperature, OD and Coliforms Termotolerantes. Of 78 ETEs of appraised RN just, 9% or 7 had maximum concepts in what concerns the removal of BOD and Coliforms Termotolerantes and 41% or 32, they had the worst concepts in term of operational efficiency. The flowing concentrations ETEs of RN of BOD and Coliforms were of 410mg/L and 2,50x107UFC/100ml, the predominant configuration is of the type F1+M1+M2, the relationship BOD/COD revealed for the sewer tributary characteristic biodegradable high. For the study of case of 3 ETEs, the best operational efficiencies in decreasing order were: Cidade (Municipal district), it Ro?a (State) and S?o Miguel (SAAE). The removals of final BOD were 51,6mg/L; 108,27mg/L and 62,6mg/L, tends efficiency of 82%; 74% and 81%. In term of coliforms removal in the final effluentes were 1,90x103UFC/100ml; 1,50x104UFC/100ml and 3,10x104UFC/100ml, tends efficiencies of 99,99%; 99,95% and 99,90%. In what it concerns the practice of agricultural re?so of cultures consumed raw, none of 3 ETEs assisted the parameters of the Resolution CONAMA 357/05, for other re?so practices, all assisted the categories B and C of OMS. For release in body receiving ETE Cidade just, they assist the demands of the resolution of CONAMA 357/05, by study of purification solemnity of the receiving body. The maintenance lack and operation; exclusive operator in ETEs and operation knowledge was the contributory factors for the operational fall in appraised ETEs of RN / Este trabalho se prop?e a desenvolver uma abordagem fundamentada atrav?s de crit?rios cient?ficos no diagn?stico operacional de lagoas de estabiliza??o, a partir de an?lises realizadas in loco e em laborat?rio de 78 sistemas de tratamento de esgoto por meio de lagoas de estabiliza??o no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os objetivos da pesquisa s?o: mapear, avaliar e diagnosticar o desempenho operacional das lagoas de estabiliza??o do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, atrav?s de visitas in loco e an?lises laboratoriais; construir um SIG, atrav?s do mapa hidrogr?fico, locar os pontos de lan?amentos de efluentes dos sistemas de lagoas existentes no Rio Grande do Norte, como tamb?m dados operacionais e seu respectivo diagn?stico de efici?ncia na remo??o de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes; avaliar, em escala real, tr?s sistemas de lagoas de estabiliza??o do RN na efici?ncia operacional para os par?metros DBO5, DQO, pH, Temperatura, OD e Coliformes Termotolerantes. Das 78 ETEs do RN avaliadas apenas, 7 lagoas correspondente a 9%, tiveram conceito: Bom, que concerne a remo??o de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes e 32 lagoas correspondente a 41%, tiveram conceito: Ruim, em termo de efici?ncia operacional, para os par?metros de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes. As concentra??es m?dias afluentes as ETEs do RN de DBO e Coliformes foram de 410mg/L e 2,50x107UFC/100ml, a configura??o predominante ? do tipo F1+M1+M2 (Facultativa prim?ria, seguida por duas lagoas de matura??o, uma prim?ria e outra secund?ria) , a rela??o DBO/DQO revelou para o esgoto afluente caracter?sticas biodegrad?veis. Para o estudo de caso, envolvendo as 3 ETEs, uma para cada ?rg?o de gest?o, as melhores efici?ncias operacionais em ordem decrescente foram: Cidade (Munic?pio), Ro?a (Estado) e S?o Miguel (SAAE). As remo??es de DBO final foram 51,6mg/L; 108,27mg/L e 62,6mg/L, tendo efici?ncia de 82%; 74% e 81%, respectivamente. Em termo de remo??o de coliformes nos efluentes das ETEs foram 1,90x103UFC/100ml; 1,50x104UFC/100ml e 3,10x104UFC/100ml, tendo efici?ncias de 99,99%; 99,95% e 99,90%. No que concerne a pr?tica de re?so de culturas consumidas cruas, nenhumas das 3 ETEs atenderam aos par?metros da Resolu??o CONAMA 357/05, para outras pr?ticas de re?so, todas atenderam as categorias B e C da OMS. Para lan?amento em corpo receptor h?drico apenas a ETE Cidade, atende as exig?ncias da resolu??o do CONAMA 357/05, mediante estudo de autodepura??o do corpo receptor. A falta de manuten??o e opera??o; operador exclusivos nas ETEs e conhecimento de opera??o foram os fatores contribuintes para o diminuto quadro de efici?ncia no que concerne a remo??o final de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes nas ETEs avaliadas do RN