Inaugural dissertation (Ph. D.)--Universität Basel. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-106).

[Part I] Desoxytigogenin was prepared by oxidation followed by Wolff-Kishner reduction of tigogenin. A number of methods were employed to open the side chain of desoxytigogenin to the corresponding dihydrodesoxytigogenin. Oxidation of dihydrodes-oxytigogenin yielded the corresponding C₂₆ aldehyde, which was isolated in pure form and characterised unambiguously. Bromination studies under varying conditions have been made on this aldehyde but the results have not been completed as yet. [Part II] The ground material from the bark of Diphlorynchus Mossambicensis was extracted with methanol, and methanol soluble concentrate was obtained. In addition a green gummy material, sparingly soluble in methanol, was obtained. The methanol concentrate was separated into acid, basic and neutral fractions and preliminary chemical investigations were made on these fractions. Two crystalline substances of empirical formulas C₃₀₋₃₅H₄₄₋₅₄O₂ and C₃₇₋₃₈H₅₂₋₅₆O₂ have been isolated, separated and purified from the green gummy material. Spectral and analytical data have been collected and a few chemical reactions have been made on these two compounds. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

by Fok Ho Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 槪論 --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Toxicological studies on the effect of Ilex latifolia extract and its saponin-enriched Fraction --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Hypoglycemic effect of Ilex latifolia extract and its saponin-enriched fraction --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Hypolipidemic effect of Ilex latifolia extract and its saponin-enriched fraction --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.109 / References --- p.114

Ong Chik Ying Rose. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-195). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknoledgements --- p.i / List of Abbreviations --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abstract in Chinese --- p.v / List of Publications and Abstracts --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / Contents --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Saponins --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Structure of saponins --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Occurrence of saponins --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Bioactivities of saponins --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Paris Polyphylla --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Chonglou --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Polyphyllin D --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Apoptosis --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Apoptosis and necrosis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Initiation phase of apoptosis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Extrinsic apoptotic pathway --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Intrinsic apoptotic pathway --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Execution phase of apoptosis --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Termination phase of apoptosis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5 --- Multi-drug resistance (MDR) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- MDR mediated by decreased drug accumulation --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- MDR mediated by enhanced anti-oxidant enzyme activities --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- MDR mediated by enhanced detoxification of drugs --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- MDR mediated by enhanced DNA repair system --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- MDR mediated by altered apoptotic pathway --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.6 --- Current strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6 --- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of project --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture of Cells --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Cell lines --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Preservation of Cells --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Culture Media --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- RPMI 1640 (Phenol Red Medium) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- RPMI 1640 (Phenol Red-free Medium) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Buffers and Reagents --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Buffer for Common Use --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Reagents for Annexin-V-FITC/PI Assay --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Reagents for Western Blotting Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Chemicals --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Fluorescence Dyes --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Antibodies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.4.3 --- Other Chemicals --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Summary of chemicals used in this study --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- In vitro Cell Cytotoxicity Assay --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- AlamarBlue Assay --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Flow Cytometry --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Analysis by Flow Cytometry --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Determination of Apoptotic and Late Apoptotic/Necrotic Cells with Annexin-V-FITC/PI Cytometric Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in cells --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Release in cells --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Measurement of doxorubicin accumulation in cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Determination of P-glycoprotein expression level in cells --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.7 --- Determination of mitochondrial depolarization and swellingin isolated mitochondria --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Methods involved in DNA sequencing of MDRl promoter --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- DNA extraction --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- DNA and Gel Band Purification --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Assessment of DNA amount --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Preparation for DNA sequencing --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Western Blotting Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of Proteins from Cells --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Preparation of proteins from isolated mitochondria --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Protein analysis with Western analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Confocal laser scanning microscopy (Confocal microscopy) --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Analysis with confocal microscopy --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Determination of mitochondrial changes in cells by confocal microscopy --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Determination of lysosomal rupture in cells by confocal microscopy --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Mitochondrial isolation --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results 一 Resistance Mechanisms in RHepG2 cells --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1 --- Resistance of RHepG2 cells towards various chemical agents --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- RHepG2 cells are resistant to doxorubicin --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- RHepG2 cells are resistant to taxol --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- RHepG2 cells are resistant to valinomycin --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2 --- Resistance mechanism in RHepG2 cells --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reduced doxorubicin accumulation is observed in RHepG2 cells --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- More P-glycoproteins on the cell surface was observed in RHepG2 cells --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity increased doxorubicin accumulation in RHepG2 cells --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- HepG2 and RHepG2 cells contain the same P-glycoprotein promoter region --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- RHepG2 over-expressed Bcl-2 --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- HepG2 and RHepG2 cells had the same level of Bax protein --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results - Effects of Polyphyllin D in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1 --- Cytotoxicity of Polyphyllin D in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Polyphyllin D exhibited cytotoxic effect in both HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2 --- Apoptotic mechanism caused by Polyphyllin D in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Polyphyllin D caused apoptosis in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Polyphyllin D did not activate caspase8 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Polyphyllin D did not concentrate on the plasma membrane of cells --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Polyphyllin D did not change Bcl-2 level in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Polyphyllin D treatment enhanced Bax protein expression in both HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Polyphyllin D caused cytochrome c and AIF release in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Polyphyllin D induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Polyphyllin D caused mitochondrial swelling in HepG2 and clustering of mitochondriain RHepG2 cells --- p.122 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- "Polyphyllin D caused H202 release in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells, and the cytotoxic effects of Polyphyllin D could be reduced by NAC" --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Polyphyllin D caused permeabilization of lysosomes --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3 --- Site of action of Polyphyllin D in cells --- p.135 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Purity of isolated mitochondria --- p.135 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Polyphyllin D caused cytochrome c release from the HepG2 and RHepG2 isolated mitochondria --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Polyphyllin D induced mitochondrial depolarization in HepG2 and RHepG2 isolated mitochondria --- p.139 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Polyphyllin D caused mitochondrial swelling in HepG2 and RHepG2 isolated mitochondria --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4 --- Resistance reversal effects of Polyphyllin D in RHepG2 cells --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Polyphyllin D increased doxorubicin accumulation in RHepG2 cells --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- P-glycoprotein expression was not down-regulated after Polyphyllin D treatment --- p.146 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Co-treatment of doxorubicin with Polyphyllin D had enhanced cytotoxic effect --- p.148 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion - Resistance mechanisms in RHepG2 cells --- p.150 / Chapter 5.1 --- Resistance of RHepG2 cells towards various chemical reagents --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2 --- Resistance mechanisms in RHepG2 cells --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion - Effects of Polyphyllin D in HepG2and RHepG2 cells --- p.159 / Chapter 6.1 --- Cytotoxicity of Polyphyllin D in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.160 / Chapter 6.2 --- Apoptotic mechanisms caused by Polyphyllin D in HepG2 and RHepG2 cells --- p.162 / Chapter 6.3 --- Site of action of Polyphyllin D in HepG2 andRHepG2 cells --- p.172 / Chapter 6.4 --- Resistance reversal effects of Polyphyllin D in RHepG2 cells --- p.175 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Future Perspectives --- p.177 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.179 / References

Lee Mei-sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT in Chinese (摘要） --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Discovery of polyphyllin D in pharmaceutical study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Structure of Polyphyllin D --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Origin of Polyphyllin D --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Polyphyllin D in antitumor activities analysis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Characteristic of Polyphyllin D --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- General properties of Saponin --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Membrane-disrupting property --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Hemolytic Property --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7 --- Antitumor properties of saponins --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Induction of apoptosis by saponins --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Induction of cell cycle arrest by saponins --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Saponins with structure similar to polyphyllin D are found with antitumor activity --- p.13 / Chapter 1.8 --- Human breast cancer --- p.14 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Incidence of Breast Cancer --- p.14 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Classification of Breast Cancer --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- Role of estrogen and estrogen receptor in breast cancer --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8.4 --- Today treatment in Breast Cancer --- p.18 / Chapter 1.8.4.1 --- Hormonal Therapy --- p.18 / Chapter 1.8.4.1.1 --- Tamoxifen --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8.4.2 --- Chemotherapy --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8.4.2.1 --- Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) --- p.20 / Chapter 1.9 --- The Hypothesis and the aim my project --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- Materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- MCF-7 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- MDA-MB-231 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- HS68 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- WRL-68 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Culture Medium --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- RPMI 1640 (Phenol Red Medium) --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- RPMI 1640 (Phenol Red-free Medium) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Reagent and Buffers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Regents for DNA fragmentation Assay --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Regents for Western Blot Analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Reagent for Two Dimensional Electrophoresis Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Protein Preparation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- First dimension Electrophoresis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Second dimension Electrophoresis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Silver staining --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Reagent for ln-gel digestion --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Destaining --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Digestion --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Desalting of the peptide mixture for MS analysis --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Reagent for flow cytomertry analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Reagent for immunofluorescent staining --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Reagent for Primary mouse speenocytes and macrophages preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Reagent for Cell Cytotoxicity Assay --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Reagent for in vivo study --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Reagent for Estrogen Receptor Competitive Assay --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Polyphyllin D preparation --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- in vitro application --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- in vivo application --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Treatment of polyphyllin in vitro --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- MTT assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Analysis of Cell-Cycle Phase Distribution by Flow cytometry with PI staining --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Estrogen Receptor competitive Assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Nucleosome Detection Assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Quantification of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry with Annexin V ´ؤ PI Staining --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- Assessment of the Change in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Δφ m) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.10 --- Western Blotting Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.10.1 --- Protein Extraction --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.10.2 --- Protein concentration Determination --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.10.3 --- SDS acrylamide gel electrohphoresis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.10.4 --- Electroblotting of Protein --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.10.5 --- Probing of Proteins with Antibodies --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.10.6 --- Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) Assay --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.11 --- Two Dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.11.1 --- Protein preparation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.11.2 --- First dimensional electrophoresis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.11.2.1 --- Rehydration of IPG strips --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.11.2.2 --- IEF with IPGphor --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.11.2.3 --- Running IPG strips --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.11.2.4 --- Eauilibration of the IPG strip --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.11.3 --- Second dimensional electrophoresis Equilibration of the IPG strip --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.11.4 --- Visualization of the 2D gel by Silver staining --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.11.5 --- Computer analysis of the 2d gel image --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.12 --- Protein identification with Matrix assisted laser desorption- ionization Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.12.1 --- In gel tryptic digestion --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.12.2 --- Desalting of the peptide mixtures --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.12.3 --- Database Searching --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statisitc Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- Cytotoxic effects of polyphyllin D / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cytotoxic activities on human breast cancer cell lines --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- In MCF-7 cells --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- In MDA-MB-231 cells --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- Cytotoxic activities on human normal cell lines --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Human normal liver cell line, WRL-68" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Human skin fibroblast cell line, HS-68" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4 --- Cytotoxic activities on primary culture --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Primary mouse spleenocytes --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- Induction of apoptosis / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2 --- Induction of apoptosis on MCF-7 cells --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Nucleosome formation by ELISA assay --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Phosphatidylserine Extemalization by flow cytometrial study --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- Induction of apoptosis on MDA-MB-231 cells --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Apoptotic peak by flow cytometrial study --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Phosphatidylserine Extemalization by flow cytometrial study --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- : Induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2 --- Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization by flow cytometrial study --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- In MCF-7 cells --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- In MDA-MB-231 cells --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- Alternation of mitochondrial protein expression by western blot analysis on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells --- p.87 / Chapter 5.4 --- Activation of caspase9 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- : Antitumor activities independent of estrogen receptor / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Completion assay on Estrogen Receptor binding --- p.95 / Chapter 6.3 --- Expression level of Estrogen receptor --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- : Proteomic detection of intracellular changes / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2 --- Differential Protein expression profile of MCF-7 cells --- p.101 / Chapter 7.3 --- Elevated HLA-A antigen expression --- p.104 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Mass fingerprinting with MALDI-TOF-MS --- p.104 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Flow cytometrial analysis with immunofluoresent staining --- p.107 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.109 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- : Discussion / Chapter 8.1 --- Polyphyllin D is Invaluable for further Investigation --- p.110 / Chapter 8.2 --- Induction of common mitochondrial pathway --- p.111 / Chapter 8.3 --- Induction of Fas receptor apoptotic pathway is unknown --- p.112 / Chapter 8.4 --- Polyphyllin D is Caspase-3 independent --- p.113 / Chapter 8.5 --- MDA-MB-231 is more sensitive to polyphyllin D --- p.113 / Chapter 8.6 --- Antitumor effects regardless of induction of apoptosis --- p.114 / Chapter 8.7 --- Advances in antitumor effect by MHC-1 antigen up-regulation --- p.114 / Chapter 8.8 --- Implication of polyphyllin D in up-regulating MHC-1 antigen --- p.115 / Chapter 8.9 --- Future aspect --- p.117 / Chapter 8.10 --- Conclusion --- p.121 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 : --- References --- p.122

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 201-248.

Numerous properties of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria have been studied with respect to the saponins in the plant. These saponins are present in the extract as well and have been utilized commercially in the food and cosmetic industry for various products. Saponins have detergent-like properties in the presence of water. The detergent-like behavior of saponins plays a major role in their membranolytic properties. In addition, emulsification effects on fat which are characteristic of surfactant-type substances, may occur as well. Three studies were conducted using adult roosters, growing broiler chicks, and growing Japanese quail. Various effects of supplementing Yucca schidigera in the diets of these birds were studied such as: growth performance, overall health, and nutrient availability. An additional experiment was conducted comparing effects of Quillaja saponaria and Yucca schidigera extracts on body weight and fat digestibility in adult roosters. Addition of Yucca schidigera extract to high fat diets (tallow-based) increased lipid excretion in roosters, broilers, and quail. In roosters, dose of yucca extract affected excretion of lipid but no dose effects were seen in broilers or quail. Fat digestibility was not significantly affected by addition of saponins to the diet of adult roosters. However, fat digestibility was reduced in broilers and quail consuming a high fat diet. In general, level of dietary fat seemed to play a role in the effects of Yucca schidigera supplementation in growing birds. Addition of Yucca schidigera to high fat diets resulted in decreased plasma levels of vitamin A and E in broiler chicks. / Graduation date: 2000

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1973. / Includes reprints of 2 papers entitled Further C32 triterpenoids from Neolitsea pulchella by W.S. Chan and W.H. Hui, from Journal of the Chemical Society, 1973, and Triterpenoids and sterols from three Millettia species of Hong Kong, by W.H. Hui and others, from Phytochemistry, v.12, 1973, in pocket.

Not available / text

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.