Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-128). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Jan. 26, 2010). Additional advisors: Asim K. Bej, Gail E. Christie, Peter E. Prevelige, Jr., R. Douglas Watson. Includes bibliographical references.

O Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP) é o tumor pancreático mais comum e apresenta um dos piores prognósticos. A primeira alteração crítica que desencadeia o processo de progressão tumoral, é a ativação desregulada do gene KRAS, na qual está presente em 90% dos casos. Várias iniciativas terapêuticas buscaram como alvo direto a atividade da oncoproteína RAS, sem no entanto, obter resultados satisfatórios. Desta forma, a investigação de moléculas efetoras downstream às vias reguladas por RAS, poderiam resultar em estratégias mais eficazes. Dentre estas moléculas efetoras estão as MAPKs, que modulam diversos processos celulares essenciais para o desenvolvimento tumoral, onde a cascata RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK representa uma importante via canônica de transdução de sinais. A transdução de sinais desta via pode ser favorecida por proteínas conhecidas como proteínas de arcabouço, como SHOC2, funcionando como uma plataforma para ligação de RAS-RAF-1 e consequentemente potencializando sua ligação. KRAS, têm sido associado à regulação de vias metabólicas importantes, como a glicólise que interferem diretamente na capacidade de proliferação e sobrevivência celular, para o estabelecimento e manutenção da biologia tumoral. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel da proteína SHOC2 na indução do estresse oxidativo e capacidade de sobrevivência de linhagens celulares de ADP. Foram realizados os ensaios de morte celular por apoptose, avaliação da capacidade clonogênica e quantificação dos níveis de glutationa e quantificação da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. As linhagens celulares MIA PaCa2 e PANC-1 apresentaram uma redução significativa da capacidade de formação de colônias. A taxa de apoptose induzida pelo tratamento com Gemcitabina não diferiu entre as linhagens modificadas para silenciar a função de SHOC2. No ensaio da quantificação dos níveis de glutationa e na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, os resultados não foram concordantes com o esperado. Para análise dos níveis proteicos de p-ERK1/2, podemos observar uma redução na sua expressão, mesmo se mostrando de maneira sutil. Os resultados sugerem que pode haver alguma relação entre o silenciamento de SHOC2, estresse oxidativo e sobrevivência, porém existem outras vias alternativas modulando este processo. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic tumor and has one of the worst prognoses. The first critical change that triggers the process of tumor progression is the dysregulated activation of the KRAS gene, in which it is present in 90% of cases. Several therapeutic initiatives aimed directly at the activity of the RAS oncoprotein, without, however, obtaining satisfactory results. Thus, investigating downstream effector molecules on RAS-regulated pathways could result in more effective strategies. Among these effector molecules are MAPKs, which modulate several cellular processes essential for tumor development, where the RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK cascade represents an important canonical pathway for signal transduction. Signal transduction of this pathway may be favored by proteins known as scaffold proteins, such as SHOC2, serving as a platform for RAS-RAF-1 binding and hence potentiating its interaction. KRAS, have been associated with the regulation of important metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, for the establishment and maintenance of tumor biology. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate the role of SHOC2 in the induction of oxidative stress and survival capacity of ADP cell lines. Cell death assays were performed by apoptosis, and quantification of glutathione levels and the production of reactive oxygen species were performed. MIA PaCa2 and PANC-1 cell lines showed a reduction in colony formation capacity. Gemcitabine-mediated cell death by apoptosis has not been induced after SHOC2 knockdown. Also, the measurement of reactive oxygen species and quantification of glutathione levels did not reveal any change mediated by SHOC2. The analysis of ERK1 / 2 activation has shown a discrete reduction in its expression. The results suggest that there may be some relationship between SHOC2 silencing, oxidative stress and survival, but there are other alternative pathways modulating this process which needs claryfication.

Activity-induced immediate-early gene (IEG) transcription foci can be labelled with fluorescent probes, permitting high temporal and spatial resolution in mapping neuronal circuits. Previous quantification approaches have assumed a Boolean function of transcription foci, assuming that cells are either active or inactive. Due to multiple amplification steps in the in situ hybridization process, it was thought that information relating to magnitudes of firing rates was lost. However, the current data suggest that transcription foci actually exhibit non-Boolean intensity and size values which vary according to behavioural condition. Systematic characterization of transcription foci intensity and size revealed incremental variations such that: home-cage < one-environment exposure < five-environment exposure < maximal electroconvulsive shock. Visual differences in transcription foci may result from a quantifiable relationship between spiking patterns and transcription rates. The exact stoichiometry between neuronal spiking and transcription is not yet clear, but these results suggest that Boolean applications of IEG imaging may neglect accurate neuronal activation properties. / xvi, 125 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

DNA damage is a constant threat to our genomes which drives genome instability and contributes to cancer progression. DNA damage interferes with important DNA transactions such as transcription and replication. DNA lesions are removed by repair pathways that ensure genome stability during transcription and replication. Here, we identify and characterize distinct roles for the ultra violet stimulated scaffold protein A (UVSSA) in the maintenance of genome stability during transcription in human cells. First, we unravel a novel function for UVSSA in transcription-coupled repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), genotoxic adducts that covalently bind opposing strands of the DNA and block transcription and replication. UVSSA knockout cells are sensitive to ICL inducing drugs, and UVSSA is specifically required for transcription-coupled repair of ICLs in a fluorescence-based reporter assay. Based on analysis of the UVSSA protein interactome in crosslinker treated cells we propose a model for transcription-coupled ICL repair (TC-ICR) that is initiated by stalling of transcribing RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at an ICL. Stalled Pol II is first bound by CSA and CSB, followed by UVSSA which recruits TFIIH to initiate downstream lesion removal steps. Second, we establish that UVSSA counteracts MYC dependent transcription stress to promote genome stability in cells aberrantly expressing the cMYC oncogene. UVSSA knockdown sensitizes cells to MYC expression, resulting in synthetic sickness and increased doubling time. UVSSA knockdown impacts Pol II dynamics in MYC activated cells. We conclude that UVSSA is required for regulation of Pol II during MYC induced transcription to prevent transcription stress. Together, these studies expand our understanding of UVSSA’s role in genome stability during transcription and elucidates the poorly understood transcription-coupled ICL repair pathway.

La fusion des myoblastes est une étape cruciale pour une bonne formation musculaire pendant l'embryogenèse et après une blessure à l'âge adulte. Le système génétique simpliste des mouches a été largement utilisé dans le passé pour identifier les acteurs essentiels impliqués dans la fusion des myoblastes. Chez la drosophile, la protéine d'échafaudage Antisocial (Ants)/Rols7 joue un rôle essentiel dans la fusion des myoblastes en connectant les protéines de surface d'adhésion cellulaire au cytosquelette. Même si la plupart des voies moléculaires régissant la fusion des myoblastes sont évolutives conservées entre les mammifères et les mouches, les contributions relatives de Tanc1 et Tanc2, les orthologues mammifères de Ants/Rols7, dans la fusion de myoblastes n'ont pas été établies. Le premier objectif de la thèse était d'évaluer les contributions potentielles de Tanc1 et Tanc2 dans la fusion de myoblastes en utilisant la lignée cellulaire de myoblastes murins C2C12 comme modèle de différenciation et de fusion de myoblastes. Nous avons constaté que l'expression de Tanc1 et Tanc2 n'est pas modulée lors de la différenciation C2C12, mais que les deux échafaudages sont enrichis au niveau du cortex lors de la prolifération des myoblastes. De plus, le knockdown de Tanc1 ou Tanc2 a altéré la fusion des myoblastes sans affecter la différenciation des myoblastes. Notamment, l'expression du défaut de fusion humain entièrement restauré Tanc1 ou Tanc2 observé dans les cellules C2C12 épuisées pour Tanc1 ou Tanc2 suggérant qu'un niveau seuil de leur expression est critique pour une fusion efficace des myoblastes. De plus, ni Tanc1 ni Tanc2 n'ont pu se substituer à Ants/Rols7 lors de la fusion des myoblastes chez la drosophile, ce qui suggère que différents acteurs pourraient être impliqués dans la régulation de la fusion des myoblastes chez les mammifères. Le deuxième objectif de la thèse était de caractériser davantage le rôle de Tanc1 et Tanc2 dans la fusion de myoblastes en utilisant des modèles murins de souris. À cette fin, des souris knock-out Tanc1 totales (Tanc1 KO) et des souris knock-out Tanc2 conditionnelles (Tanc2 cKO) ont été générées. Bien que les souris Tanc2 KO aient été précédemment signalées comme étant mortelles sur le plan embryonnaire, nous rapportons ici que ces souris sont viables contrairement à ce qui a été rapporté. L'expression de Tanc1 et Tanc2 a été détectée dans les somites ainsi que dans les fibres musculaires primaires. L'analyse du phénotype musculaire au stade embryonnaire a révélé une différenciation normale des somites et la formation de fibres musculaires chez les souris Tanc1 KO et Tanc2 cKO. De plus, lors de l'analyse au stade adulte, aucune différence dans la section transversale des fibres musculaires entre les souris de type sauvage et les souris mutantes n'a été détectée. Cela pourrait-il impliquer une redondance potentielle entre Tanc1 et Tanc2 dans la régulation de la myogenèse ? Pour répondre à cette question, des souris double knockout Tanc1 et Tanc2 sont actuellement en cours de génération. En conclusion, nous avons identifié dans cette étude un nouveau rôle pour les protéines d'échafaudage Tanc1 et Tanc2 dans la fusion de myoblastes chez les mammifères. L'identification de nouveaux acteurs essentiels dans la fusion des myoblastes nous rapproche de sa compréhension et de son ciblage thérapeutique à long terme. / Myoblast fusion is a crucial step for proper muscle formation during embryogenesis and after in injury during adulthood. The simplistic genetic system of flies has been extensively used in the past to identify essential players involved in myoblast fusion. In Drosophila, the scaffold protein Antisocial (Ants)/Rols7 plays an essential role in myoblast fusion by connecting the cell adhesion surface proteins to the cytoskeleton. Even though most molecular pathways governing myoblast fusion are evolutionary conserved between mammals and flies, the relative contributions of Tanc1 and Tanc2, the mammalian orthologs of Ants/Rols7, in myoblast fusion have not been established. The first aim of the thesis was to assess the potential contributions of Tanc1 and Tanc2 in myoblast fusion by using the murine myoblast C2C12 cell line as a model for myoblasts differentiation and fusion. We found that Tanc1 and Tanc2 expression is not modulated during C2C12 differentiation, but that both scaffolds are enriched at the cortex during myoblast proliferation. Furthermore, the knockdown of either Tanc1 or Tanc2 impaired myoblast fusion without affecting myoblast differentiation. Notably, the expression of human Tanc1 or Tanc2 fully restored fusion defect observed in C2C12 cells depleted for Tanc1 or Tanc2 suggesting that a threshold level of their expression is critical for efficient myoblast fusion. Furthermore, neither Tanc1 nor Tanc2 could substitute for Ants/Rols7 during Drosophila myoblast fusion suggesting that different players might be involved in regulating myoblast fusion in mammals. The second aim of the thesis was to further characterize the role of Tanc1 and Tanc2 in myoblast fusion by using murine mice models. For this purpose, total Tanc1 knockout mice (Tanc1 KO) and conditional Tanc2 knockout mice (Tanc2 cKO) were generated. Although Tanc2 KO mice were previously reported to be embryonically lethal, we report here that those mice are viable contrary to what has been reported. Tanc1 and Tanc2 expression was detected in the somites as well as in the primary muscle fibers. Analysis of the muscle phenotype at the embryonic stage revealed normal somites differentiation and muscle fiber formation in both Tanc1 KO and Tanc2 cKO mice. Furthermore, when analyzed at the adult stage, no difference in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers between wild-type mice and mutant mice was detected. Could this imply a potential redundancy between Tanc1 and Tanc2 in regulating myogenesis? To answer this question, Tanc1 and Tanc2 double knockout mice are currently being generated. In conclusion, we identified in this study a novel role for the scaffold proteins Tanc1 and Tanc2 in myoblast fusion in mammals. Identifying new and essential players in myoblast fusion brings us a step closer to understanding it and on the long run target it therapeutically.