6 pp. / Originally published: 2001 / Scorpions have long been of interest to humans primarily because of their ability to give painful and sometimes life threatening stings. Scorpions are also an important and beneficial component of many ecosystems and they are one of the oldest known terrestrial arthropods. Fossil scorpions found in Paleozoic strata 430 million years old appear very similar to present day species.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cordeiro_ff_me_botfmvz.pdf: 669896 bytes, checksum: a563b65811a0515bad1e5a7935727526 (MD5) / O escorpionismo é um problema comum que acomete países tropicais e subtropicais e que assume grande importância médico-sanitária devido à sua fatalidade sobre aqueles indivíduos mais sensíveis, podendo levar crianças e idosos à morte. O potencial letal do envenenamento reside nas graves alterações cardiopulmonares que a toxina escorpiônica é capaz de gerar em suas vítimas. A presente pesquisa avaliou os efeitos do veneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus em cães com duas diferentes doses: uma dose que simularia o envenenamento natural (0,4 mg/dose total) e outra dose experimental (0,25 mg/kg). Foram observados sinais clínicos gerais em diferentes momentos pós-envenenamento, bem como dados específicos relacionados ao sistema cardio-pulmonar por meio de mensuração da pressão arterial sistêmica, dosagem da atividade enzimática de CK-MB e de exames radiográficos, eletrocardiográficos e ecocardiográficos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o veneno escorpiônico foi capaz de gerar lesão cardíaca aguda e reversível em poucos dias sob dose experimental e produziu quadro de envenenamento leve na dose que simulara o acidente natural. / Scorpionism is a common problem that occurs in tropical and subtropical countries and has great medical and sanitary significance because of its fatality in sensitive individuals, leading children and old people to death. The lethal potential of poisoning is due severe pulmonary and cardiac effects that scorpion toxin can cause in it's victims. The present research evaluated the effects of the Tityus serrulatus toxin in dogs using two different dosages: one dose that simulates the natural envenoming (0,4 mg/total dose) and another experimental dose (0,25 mg/kg). General clinical signs were observed at different moments after the poisoning, as well as specific signs related to cardiac and pulmonary systems by using arterial blood pressure measurement, CK-MB enzymatic activity as well as radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluations. The results showed that scorpion toxin can cause acute and reversible cardiac lesions under experimental dosage and produced mild poisoning at the dosage that simulated natural envenoming.

Orientador: Michiko Sakate / Resumo: O escorpionismo é um problema comum que acomete países tropicais e subtropicais e que assume grande importância médico-sanitária devido à sua fatalidade sobre aqueles indivíduos mais sensíveis, podendo levar crianças e idosos à morte. O potencial letal do envenenamento reside nas graves alterações cardiopulmonares que a toxina escorpiônica é capaz de gerar em suas vítimas. A presente pesquisa avaliou os efeitos do veneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus em cães com duas diferentes doses: uma dose que simularia o envenenamento natural (0,4 mg/dose total) e outra dose experimental (0,25 mg/kg). Foram observados sinais clínicos gerais em diferentes momentos pós-envenenamento, bem como dados específicos relacionados ao sistema cardio-pulmonar por meio de mensuração da pressão arterial sistêmica, dosagem da atividade enzimática de CK-MB e de exames radiográficos, eletrocardiográficos e ecocardiográficos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o veneno escorpiônico foi capaz de gerar lesão cardíaca aguda e reversível em poucos dias sob dose experimental e produziu quadro de envenenamento leve na dose que simulara o acidente natural. / Abstract: Scorpionism is a common problem that occurs in tropical and subtropical countries and has great medical and sanitary significance because of its fatality in sensitive individuals, leading children and old people to death. The lethal potential of poisoning is due severe pulmonary and cardiac effects that scorpion toxin can cause in it's victims. The present research evaluated the effects of the Tityus serrulatus toxin in dogs using two different dosages: one dose that simulates the natural envenoming (0,4 mg/total dose) and another experimental dose (0,25 mg/kg). General clinical signs were observed at different moments after the poisoning, as well as specific signs related to cardiac and pulmonary systems by using arterial blood pressure measurement, CK-MB enzymatic activity as well as radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluations. The results showed that scorpion toxin can cause acute and reversible cardiac lesions under experimental dosage and produced mild poisoning at the dosage that simulated natural envenoming. / Mestre

Class of 2007 Abstract / Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the direct costs of scorpion envenomation events in the acute care setting for patients treated in a southern Arizona hospital. Methods: A chart review analysis of documented treatment of scorpion envenomations at a university hospital was conducted to compile demographic, drug use, and resource utilization information. Patients were selected based on an ICD-9 code diagnosis of scorpion envenomation within the years 1993 to 2001. Results: 103 patient charts were reviewed. The average length of stay was 1.21 days (range 0.5-6.5 days), the average age was 4.7 years (range 0.2-53 years old). Males comprised 54% of the patients, 51.9% Caucasian, 41.6% Hispanic, and 60.2% were from an urban setting. The average drug cost was $51.82 (SD=53.22). The total average cost in the entire population was $6,764.54, (SD= $3,866.55). The average cost of rural versus urban was $7,535.74 and $6,254.55, respectively (p=0.100). The average cost for male versus female was $6,949.64 and $6,520.90 (p= 0.581), and the average cost for the 0-3 years group was $6,721.10, the >3 years to 14 years group’s average cost was $6,643.33, and the >14 years of age group’s average cost was $8,578.42. None of the comparisons between age groups were statistically significant, with p values ranging from 0.274 to 0.922. Conclusions: Although scorpion envenomations were costly, there were no statistically significant differences noted between any of the comparison groups. Transportation, including air transport in the rural setting, did not account for a significant change in cost. Many of the patients that were envenomated in the rural setting were seen at a regional hospital and then transported as necessary.

Faculty of Science; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; MSC Research Report / Three arachnid species, the rock scorpion Hadogenes gunningi, the burrowing scorpion Opistophthalmus pugnax and the baboon spider Harpactira hamiltoni have been identified as species of conservation interest for inclusion in a bioregional systematic conservation planning project by the provincial conservation authority in Gauteng province, South Africa. The systematic conservation planning procedure requires information on the spatial distribution and an estimate of the minimum viable area (MVA) required to support a population for species of conservation interest. The purpose of this report is to provide this information for these three arachnid species. 47 sites were sampled on a regular grid across Gauteng province where data were collected for habitat distribution modeling and density estimation for MVA calculation. Sites were sampled by two field workers. Distance sampling methodology was used for the estimation of density and the genetic algorithm for rule set production (GARP) was used for habitat distribution modeling. Analysis of distance data comprised fitting several alternative models to both continuous and interval data, and data for each field worker were analyzed both separately and pooled. To calculate MVA from estimates of population density a minimum viable population size of 2000 adult individuals was assumed. Based on composite models fitted to continuous data collected by both field workers mean MVA for Opistophthalmus pugnax was 431.57 ha (279.44 ha to 666 ha, 95% confidence interval), while that for Harpactira hamiltoni was 909.09 ha (518.00 ha to 1594.90 ha, 95% confidence interval). Insufficient data were collected for the estimation of population density for Hadogenes gunningi, but based on encounter rate relative to the other two species a subjective estimate of MVA between 380 ha and 570 ha is presented. Habitat distribution modeling was conducted at two grains of predictor variable data. As GARP produces highly variable results models were selected according to the criteria of having less than 5% omission and less than 10% non-prediction. Selected models were stacked and predictions of presence and absence summed for each map pixel across all models. The resultant maps of proportion of positive predictions per pixel were multiplied to obtain a final composite map of probability of occurrence. Accuracy of the coarse, fine and composite maps was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Mean AUC for models for Hadogenes gunningi were 0.893, 0.857 and 0.886. For Opistophthalmus pugnax and Harpactira hamiltoni mean AUC values were 0.831, 0.790, 0.856 and 0.783, 0.765, 0.805 respectively. Probabilities of occurrence were converted to presence absence at the threshold where false positive and false negative prediction rates were equivalent. Hadogenes gunningi is predicted to occur on most ridges within the province, while Opistophthalmus pugnax and H. hamiltoni are predicted to have a patchy distribution in the southern two thirds of the province. The results presented are a significant improvement on the data previously available for these species and it is recommended that their conservation status be revised in light of the results. Concerns regarding the utility of GARP in conservation planning and suggestions for further research are outlined.

Scorpion toxins specific for Na+ and K+ channels, have been studied extensively but relatively little has been done on Ca2+ channel toxins. Toxins in the venom of only two South African scorpions P. transvaalicus and P. granulatus have been found to interact with Ca2+ channels. Kurtoxin isolated from the venom of P. transvaalicus inhibits the T and L-type neuronal Ca2+ channels, whereas KLI and KLII (Kurtoxin-like peptide I and II), isolated from P. granulatus, inhibits T-type Ca2+ channel activity in mouse male germ cells. In this study the effects of fractions isolated from the venom of P. granularus on Cca2+ channels in rat ventricular myocytes were investigated by means of the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Fractions of P. granulatus crude venom were isolated with Sephadex G50 columns (fraction I-IV). Fraction III (PgIII) showed a voltage dependent increase of the inward Ca2+ current and influenced the channel kinetics by shifting the voltage dependence of activation towards more hyperpolarizing membrane potentials and decreased the rate of inactivation and deactivation. The time of the current to reach peak was also delayed. PgIII was further separated by HPLC in an attempt to identify the subfraction/s responsible for the agonistic effect. Subfraction I had an agonistic effect similar to PgIII, whereas subfraction II and III, decreased the Ca2+ current. The observed agonistic effect has not been described in the literature. The identification of new peptide structures with unique functions are important in the field of toxin research. Peptides that target Ca2+ channels can be valuable tools to characterize Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ channels in the heart are implicated in a number of pathological disorders like angina, ischemia, some arrhythmias and hypertension. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Scorpion toxins specific for Na+ and K+ channels, have been studied extensively but relatively little has been done on Ca2+ channel toxins. Toxins in the venom of only two South African scorpions P. transvaalicus and P. granulatus have been found to interact with Ca2+ channels. Kurtoxin isolated from the venom of P. transvaalicus inhibits the T and L-type neuronal Ca2+ channels, whereas KLI and KLII (Kurtoxin-like peptide I and II), isolated from P. granulatus, inhibits T-type Ca2+ channel activity in mouse male germ cells. In this study the effects of fractions isolated from the venom of P. granularus on Cca2+ channels in rat ventricular myocytes were investigated by means of the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Fractions of P. granulatus crude venom were isolated with Sephadex G50 columns (fraction I-IV). Fraction III (PgIII) showed a voltage dependent increase of the inward Ca2+ current and influenced the channel kinetics by shifting the voltage dependence of activation towards more hyperpolarizing membrane potentials and decreased the rate of inactivation and deactivation. The time of the current to reach peak was also delayed. PgIII was further separated by HPLC in an attempt to identify the subfraction/s responsible for the agonistic effect. Subfraction I had an agonistic effect similar to PgIII, whereas subfraction II and III, decreased the Ca2+ current. The observed agonistic effect has not been described in the literature. The identification of new peptide structures with unique functions are important in the field of toxin research. Peptides that target Ca2+ channels can be valuable tools to characterize Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ channels in the heart are implicated in a number of pathological disorders like angina, ischemia, some arrhythmias and hypertension. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Os escorpiões são únicos dentre os artrópodes terrestres em muitos aspectos da biologia reprodutiva. A corte em escorpiões envolve sequências complexas de comportamentos ritualizados; é dividida em três fases: iniciação, dança e transferência de espermatozoides. Cerca de 50 espécies de escorpiões dentre as 1600 atualmente reconhecidas tiveram a corte descrita. Do mesmo modo, são poucos os estudos com tamanho de prole e investimento reprodutivo em escorpiões. Até o momento, a descrição da corte em Tityus bahiensis foi realizada com base em poucas observações incompletas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estudar a corte em T. bahiensis para reconhecer os repertórios comportamentais e padrões de comportamento para espécie, através de um etograma e de um fluxograma; investigar prováveis funções das categorias comportamentais; abordar aspectos da época reprodutiva; e estudar o tamanho de prole, tempo de gestação e investimento reprodutivo. Dezenove cortes, de 202 pareamentos realizados, foram utilizadas para elaboração do etograma e do fluxograma. As sequências de comportamentos foram analisadas com o programa JWacher sup TM/sup e compiladas através de um script em Perl. Para o estudo do tamanho de prole, data de nascimento e período de gestação, foram compilados dados de 76 fêmeas. Desses nascimentos, 12 foram provenientes de cortes observadas em laboratório. A corte em T. bahiensis é complexa e está organizada de modo que a realização de uma fase prepara e condiciona o aparecimento da seguinte. A fase de iniciação tem funções como a procura por parceiros sexuais e o reconhecimento específico, sexual e da predisposição dos parceiros à corte. A fase de dança é dividida em dois módulos. No módulo I, o macho estimula e conduz a fêmea a uma superfície adequada para deposição do espermatóforo, preferencialmente uma casca de árvore (X2=24,314; g.l.=5; p<0,001). O módulo II apresenta comportamentos frequentes e repetitivos, com a função de estimular a fêmea e preparála para a fase seguinte. A fase de transferência de espermatozoides é rápida e estereotipada. Tem a função de inseminar e estimular a fêmea para uma cópula bemsucedida. Durante a cópula, o macho executa cortejo copulatório (tateamento com pernas e roçar com quelíceras). A fase de pós-transferência segue um padrão, mas apresenta poucas categorias, sendo que a maioria tem a provável função de romper o flagelo do espermatóforo inserido no gonóporo do macho; o macho pode consumir o espermatóforo e não ocorre canibalismo sexual. As fêmeas de T. bahiensis são capazes de controlar diferentes fases da corte obrigando os machos a utilizar comportamentos de estímulo, ao invés de coerção, para serem aceitos. A exibição de cortejo copulatório pelos machos é um forte indicativo da existência de seleção críptica feminina em T. bahiensis, sendo uma estratégia reprodutiva para estimular a fêmea a aceitar os espermatozoides do macho durante a aquisição do esperma. Apesar da época reprodutiva compreender o ano todo, os meses de maior atividade sexual são novembro a abril. O tamanho de prole na primeira parição é 2-25 filhotes (n=76). Além disso, T. bahiensis é capaz de produzir 1-4 proles com uma inseminação. O tempo de gestação é 2,5-12,8 meses e, apesar da capacidade de parir o ano todo, a maioria das parições ocorreu nos meses quentes, sobretudo, entre novembro e janeiro (X2=164,912; g.l.=11; p<0,001). Adicionalmente, o tamanho de prole é correlacionado com o tamanho corpóreo materno (rs=0,593; p=0,042; n=12). Assim, fêmeas maiores produzem mais filhotes e, portanto, apresentam maior investimento reprodutivo. / Scorpions are unique among terrestrial arthropods in many reproductive biology traits. Courtship involves a complex series of ritualized behaviors; it is divided into three phases: initiation, Promenade à deux, and sperm transfer. Courtship behavior has been described for about 50 of the 1600 extant scorpion species. Likewise, litter size and reproductive investment in scorpions are poorly known. Previous studies on Tityus bahiensis described courtship based on few and incomplete observations. The aims of this work were to study courtship behavior in T. bahiensis in order to recognize behavior repertories and behavior patterns for the species by making an ethogram and fluxogram; investigate probable functions of behavior categories; address aspects of the reproductive season; and study litter size, gestation period, and reproductive investment. Nineteen courtships, out of 202 interactions, were used to make the ethogram and the fluxogram. Behavioral sequences were analyzed with JWacherTM and compiled by a Perl script. For the study of litter size, date of birth, and gestation period, data of 76 females were compiled. Of these, 12 births were obtained from courtship observed in the laboratory. Courtship in T. bahiensis is complex and it is organized in a way that the execution of one phase prepares and regulates the appearance of the next. Initiation phase has functions such as the search for mating partner and species, sexual, and predisposition to court recognition. Promenade à deux phase is divided into two modules. In module I, male stimulates and leads female to a suitable surface for spermatophore deposition, preferentially a bark (X2=24,314; g.l.=5; p<0,001). Module II is characterized by frequent and repetitive behaviors, with the function of stimulating the female and preparing her to the next phase. Sperm transfer phase is rapid and stereotyped. Its function is to inseminate and stimulate the female for a successful mate. During mate, male executes copulatory courtship (feeling and kissing). Post transfer phase has a pattern, but with feel categories; most of them has the probable function of breaking the spermatophore flagellum inserted in the male gonopore; male may consume spermatophore, and there is no mating cannibalism. The females of T. bahiensis are capable of controlling different courtship phases, engaging males to use stimulating behaviors, rather than coercion, to be accepted. The exhibition of copulatory courtship by males strongly indicates the existence of cryptic female choice in T. bahiensis, being a reproductive strategy to stimulate the female to accept male spermatozoids during sperm uptake. Although reproductive season takes place all year long, the months in which reproductive activity is greater are throughout November to April. Litter size at the first parturition is 2-25 offspring (n=76). Moreover, T. bahiensis is capable of producing 1-4 broods with a single insemination. Gestation period is 2,5-12,8 months, and, although the capacity of giving birth throughout the year, most of the parturition occurred in the warm season, specially throughout November to January (X2=164,912; g.l.=11; p<0,001). In addition, litter size is correlated to female body size (rs=0,593; p=0,042; n=12). Thus, larger females produce more offspring and invest more into reproduction.

Submitted by FERNANDO KAMIMURA COCCHI null (fecocchi@gmail.com) on 2016-03-30T19:44:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Fernando Kamimura Cocchi.pdf: 3236502 bytes, checksum: 436c4468ce72564ad0846615cbd9ce4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-01T20:12:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cocchi_fk_me_rcla.pdf: 3236502 bytes, checksum: 436c4468ce72564ad0846615cbd9ce4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T20:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cocchi_fk_me_rcla.pdf: 3236502 bytes, checksum: 436c4468ce72564ad0846615cbd9ce4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os escorpiões são artrópodes da classe Arachnida, ordem Scorpiones. São animais peçonhentos, ou seja, possuem órgão secretório ou glândulas conectadas a um dispositivo de injeção, o qual pode inocular o veneno produzido pela glândula ou células especializadas. O veneno pode ser descrito como sendo uma mistura complexa, contendo muco, sais inorgânicos, moléculas orgânicas de baixa massa molecular, muitos peptídeos neurotóxicos e proteínas. O envenenamento humano por picada de escorpião é um importante problema de saúde pública em vários países tropicais e subtropicais. No Brasil, Tityus serrulatus é uma das espécies mais perigosas, que causam grave envenenamento, podendo levar ao óbito. Em geral, o envenenamento pode causar sintomas de dor, febre, agitação psicomotora, salivação, lacrimejamento, aumento da mobilidade do trato gastrointestinal, insuficiência respiratória e arritmia cardíaca, hipertensão arterial seguida de hipotensão, insuficiência cardíaca, edema pulmonar e choque anafilático. O veneno dos escorpiões tem sido estudado ao longo dos anos, a fim de elucidar seus compostos juntamente com suas sequências e suas funções biológicas. Algumas espécies de escorpiões possuem em seu veneno compostos antimicrobianos, mediadores que ativam os processos inflamatórios, causam a desgranulação de mastócitos, como também, podem ser capazes de induzir quimiotaxia de neutrófilos. Até o presente momento a toxinologia de escorpiões tem concentrado o foco nas neurotoxinas, que são peptídeos contendo entre 30 e 70 resíduos de aminoácidos em suas sequências, com quatro ou cinco pontes dissulfeto em suas estruturas. A despeito de existir muitos pequenos peptídeos (apresentando entre 5 e 20 resíduos de aminoácidos em suas sequências), que apresentam conformações lineares, por não apresentarem pontes dissulfeto em suas estruturas, este grupo de toxinas tem sido negligenciado pela literatura, devido à dificuldade em isolar e determinar suas estruturas moleculares. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar alguns destes peptídeos (Typep-14, -15, -16, -17, and -18), previamente isolados e sequenciados a partir do veneno do escorpião T. serrulatus, por nosso grupo de pesquisas, e caracterizá-los de acordo com suas possíveis funções biológicas através de ensaios de desgranulação de mastócitos e liberação de lactato desidrogenase, hemólise, antibiose, efeitos hiperalgésicos e edematogênicos, e teste de campo aberto. Nenhum peptídeo apresentou atividade hemolítica, antibiótica; ou apresentou atividade desgranuladora de mastócito e liberação de LDH em ratos. Apenas o TyPep 18 apresentou alterações na locomoção de camundongos. Em geral, todos apresentaram ações de hiperalgesia ou formação de edemas localizados. Conclui-se portanto, que os peptídeos ensaiados no presente trabalho estão relacionados à produção de dor e inflamação. / Scorpions are arthropods of the class Arachnida, order Scorpiones. They are venonous animals, i. e, they have secretory organ or gland connected to an injection apparatus, which can inoculate the venom produced by specialized cells. The venom can be described as a complex mixture containing mucus, inorganic salts, organic molecules of low molecular mass, many neurotoxic peptides and proteins. The human enenvenoming by scorpion sting is an important problem of public health in many tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, Tityus serrulatus is one of the most dangerous species, which cause severe enenvenoming, that can lead to death. In general, the envenoming can cause symptoms of pain, fever, agitation, salivation, lacrimation, increasing motility of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory failure and cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension followed by hypotension, heart failure, pulmonary edema and anaphylaxis. The venom of scorpions has been studied over the years in order to elucidate their biochemical composition, along with their sequences and biological functions. Some species of scorpions have antimicrobial compounds in their venom, mediators that trigger inflammatory processes, causing mast cell degranulation, and also may be capable of inducing neutrophil chemotaxis. To date, the toxinology of scorpions has concentrated the focus on neurotoxins, which are peptides containing between 30 and 70 amino acid residues in their sequences, with four or five disulfide bonds in their structures. Despite the existence of many small peptides (having between 5 and 20 amino acid residues in their sequences), that have linear conformations for not having disulfide bonds in their structures, this group of toxins has been neglected in the literature, due to the difficulty in isolating and determine molecular structures of these toxins. This study aimed to synthesize some of these peptides (Typep-14, -15, -16, -17, and -18) previously isolated and sequenced from T. serrulatus scorpion venom, by our research group, and characterize them according to their possible biological functions through mast cell degranulation and lactate dehydrogenase release test, hemolysis, antibiosis, hyperalgesic and edematogênics effects and open field test. None of the peptides presented hemolytic, antibiotic activity, mast cell degranulation or LDH release in rats. Only TyPep 18 influenced the pattern of locomotion in mice. In general, all peptides had presented hyperalgesic and edematogenic effects. It may be concluded that the peptides tested in this study are related to the production of pain and inflammation. / CAPES: 1208/2011

Os escorpiões são únicos dentre os artrópodes terrestres em muitos aspectos da biologia reprodutiva. A corte em escorpiões envolve sequências complexas de comportamentos ritualizados; é dividida em três fases: iniciação, dança e transferência de espermatozoides. Cerca de 50 espécies de escorpiões dentre as 1600 atualmente reconhecidas tiveram a corte descrita. Do mesmo modo, são poucos os estudos com tamanho de prole e investimento reprodutivo em escorpiões. Até o momento, a descrição da corte em Tityus bahiensis foi realizada com base em poucas observações incompletas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estudar a corte em T. bahiensis para reconhecer os repertórios comportamentais e padrões de comportamento para espécie, através de um etograma e de um fluxograma; investigar prováveis funções das categorias comportamentais; abordar aspectos da época reprodutiva; e estudar o tamanho de prole, tempo de gestação e investimento reprodutivo. Dezenove cortes, de 202 pareamentos realizados, foram utilizadas para elaboração do etograma e do fluxograma. As sequências de comportamentos foram analisadas com o programa JWacher sup TM/sup e compiladas através de um script em Perl. Para o estudo do tamanho de prole, data de nascimento e período de gestação, foram compilados dados de 76 fêmeas. Desses nascimentos, 12 foram provenientes de cortes observadas em laboratório. A corte em T. bahiensis é complexa e está organizada de modo que a realização de uma fase prepara e condiciona o aparecimento da seguinte. A fase de iniciação tem funções como a procura por parceiros sexuais e o reconhecimento específico, sexual e da predisposição dos parceiros à corte. A fase de dança é dividida em dois módulos. No módulo I, o macho estimula e conduz a fêmea a uma superfície adequada para deposição do espermatóforo, preferencialmente uma casca de árvore (X2=24,314; g.l.=5; p<0,001). O módulo II apresenta comportamentos frequentes e repetitivos, com a função de estimular a fêmea e preparála para a fase seguinte. A fase de transferência de espermatozoides é rápida e estereotipada. Tem a função de inseminar e estimular a fêmea para uma cópula bemsucedida. Durante a cópula, o macho executa cortejo copulatório (tateamento com pernas e roçar com quelíceras). A fase de pós-transferência segue um padrão, mas apresenta poucas categorias, sendo que a maioria tem a provável função de romper o flagelo do espermatóforo inserido no gonóporo do macho; o macho pode consumir o espermatóforo e não ocorre canibalismo sexual. As fêmeas de T. bahiensis são capazes de controlar diferentes fases da corte obrigando os machos a utilizar comportamentos de estímulo, ao invés de coerção, para serem aceitos. A exibição de cortejo copulatório pelos machos é um forte indicativo da existência de seleção críptica feminina em T. bahiensis, sendo uma estratégia reprodutiva para estimular a fêmea a aceitar os espermatozoides do macho durante a aquisição do esperma. Apesar da época reprodutiva compreender o ano todo, os meses de maior atividade sexual são novembro a abril. O tamanho de prole na primeira parição é 2-25 filhotes (n=76). Além disso, T. bahiensis é capaz de produzir 1-4 proles com uma inseminação. O tempo de gestação é 2,5-12,8 meses e, apesar da capacidade de parir o ano todo, a maioria das parições ocorreu nos meses quentes, sobretudo, entre novembro e janeiro (X2=164,912; g.l.=11; p<0,001). Adicionalmente, o tamanho de prole é correlacionado com o tamanho corpóreo materno (rs=0,593; p=0,042; n=12). Assim, fêmeas maiores produzem mais filhotes e, portanto, apresentam maior investimento reprodutivo. / Scorpions are unique among terrestrial arthropods in many reproductive biology traits. Courtship involves a complex series of ritualized behaviors; it is divided into three phases: initiation, Promenade à deux, and sperm transfer. Courtship behavior has been described for about 50 of the 1600 extant scorpion species. Likewise, litter size and reproductive investment in scorpions are poorly known. Previous studies on Tityus bahiensis described courtship based on few and incomplete observations. The aims of this work were to study courtship behavior in T. bahiensis in order to recognize behavior repertories and behavior patterns for the species by making an ethogram and fluxogram; investigate probable functions of behavior categories; address aspects of the reproductive season; and study litter size, gestation period, and reproductive investment. Nineteen courtships, out of 202 interactions, were used to make the ethogram and the fluxogram. Behavioral sequences were analyzed with JWacherTM and compiled by a Perl script. For the study of litter size, date of birth, and gestation period, data of 76 females were compiled. Of these, 12 births were obtained from courtship observed in the laboratory. Courtship in T. bahiensis is complex and it is organized in a way that the execution of one phase prepares and regulates the appearance of the next. Initiation phase has functions such as the search for mating partner and species, sexual, and predisposition to court recognition. Promenade à deux phase is divided into two modules. In module I, male stimulates and leads female to a suitable surface for spermatophore deposition, preferentially a bark (X2=24,314; g.l.=5; p<0,001). Module II is characterized by frequent and repetitive behaviors, with the function of stimulating the female and preparing her to the next phase. Sperm transfer phase is rapid and stereotyped. Its function is to inseminate and stimulate the female for a successful mate. During mate, male executes copulatory courtship (feeling and kissing). Post transfer phase has a pattern, but with feel categories; most of them has the probable function of breaking the spermatophore flagellum inserted in the male gonopore; male may consume spermatophore, and there is no mating cannibalism. The females of T. bahiensis are capable of controlling different courtship phases, engaging males to use stimulating behaviors, rather than coercion, to be accepted. The exhibition of copulatory courtship by males strongly indicates the existence of cryptic female choice in T. bahiensis, being a reproductive strategy to stimulate the female to accept male spermatozoids during sperm uptake. Although reproductive season takes place all year long, the months in which reproductive activity is greater are throughout November to April. Litter size at the first parturition is 2-25 offspring (n=76). Moreover, T. bahiensis is capable of producing 1-4 broods with a single insemination. Gestation period is 2,5-12,8 months, and, although the capacity of giving birth throughout the year, most of the parturition occurred in the warm season, specially throughout November to January (X2=164,912; g.l.=11; p<0,001). In addition, litter size is correlated to female body size (rs=0,593; p=0,042; n=12). Thus, larger females produce more offspring and invest more into reproduction.