Bridge scour is the term which describes the erosion of soil surrounding a bridge foundation due to water. Bridge scour can cause the reduction of the load carrying capacity of bridge foundations, excessive foundation settlements, and damage to bridge abutments. Bridges with foundations that are unstable for calculated and/or observed scour conditions are termed scour critical bridges. Approximately 25,000 bridges in the United States are classified as scour critical and about 600 of them are in Texas. This designation comes in part from the use of over-conservative methods that predict excessive scour depths in erosion resistant materials. Other methods have been developed to eliminate this over-conservatism but are uneconomical because they require site-specific erosion testing. The major contribution of this dissertation is a new method to assess a bridge for scour and erosion classification charts which categorizes the erodibility of geomaterials according to conventional engineering properties. The new method is a three level Bridge Scour Assessment (BSA) procedure which is relatively simple and economical. It does not require site-specific erosion testing and eliminates the over-conservatism in current methods. The first level, BSA 1, uses charts that extrapolate the maximum scour depth recorded during the life of the bridge to obtain the scour depth corresponding to a specified future flood event. The second level, BSA 2, determines the maximum scour depth and is carried out if BSA 1 does not conclude with a specific plan of action for the bridge. The third level, BSA 3, determines the time dependent scour depth and is carried out if BSA 2 does not conclude with a specific plan of action. The scour vulnerability depends on the comparison between the predicted and allowable scour depths. The 11 case histories used to validate the new method showed good agreement between predicted values and field measurements. BSA 1 was then applied to 16 bridges. In this process, 6 out of 10 bridges classified as scour critical by current methods were found to be stable. These results show that the new method allows for more realistic evaluation of bridges for scour while not requiring site-specific erosion testing.

In recent years, bridge foundations have been in the spotlight throughout the nation. Bridges built over running water are susceptible to erosion or scour around their foundations. The reduction in load capacity to piers and abutments pose a safety risk to highway motorists. It has become necessary for engineers to examine and monitor these "scour critical" bridges. The difficulty arises with subsurface foundations of which very little is known about their construction. Hence, the methods applied to analyzing "Unknown Foundations" have become a necessary topic of research. This thesis explores a method to determine foundation lengths. Similar to Sonic Echo / Impulse Response, this procedure measures reflected shock waves sent through concrete pilings. The technique is non-destructive in nature and is performed near the surface of the foundation. The test is performed on the side of the exposed piling. Current methods are limited by the fact that the tops of most pilings are inaccessible due to pilecaps or beams. Often times, pilings are embedded in stiff soils, which have a dampening effect on the stress waves. This thesis employs a method of analysis that will overcome such limitations and provide engineers with another tool to determine subsurface foundation lengths.