Salmonella is one of the most important enteropathogenic bacteria. It is responsible for about 5000 reported cases of human gastroenteritis each year in Sweden. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, and the bacterium has the ability to infect a variety of both domestic and wild animal species. In studies of Swedish wild bird populations, we found that Black-headed gull may be the main reservoir for Salmonella in birds, and that Salmonella infection is expressed as carriage with no obvious disease manifestations. Black-headed gull is a migratory bird and can transport strains of Salmonella with virulence traits like antibiotic resistance, from sources outside Sweden. Genetic molecular methods, PFGE and IS200, also demonstrate that Black-headed gull play a role in the transmission chain of Salmonella in Sweden. In a study of the Swedish Peregrine Falcon population, Salmonella amager and Campylobacter jejuni were found. There were indications, based on serotyping of Salmonella and genetical typing by PFGE of Campylobacter that these isolates were transmitsted to the falcons from a human or domestic animal source. This bird of prey has sparse contact with humans but may be infected by Salmonella of human origin by feeding on other birds, like gull. Salmonella was found in penguins, albatrosses and mainly in seals in a study in Antarctica. Several features of the Salmonella serotypes found indicate a human source for Salmonella infection in these animals, and also a spread of Salmonella within and between animal species in Antarctica. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2002</p> / digitalisering@umu

This thesis examines the biogeography of world pinnipeds, a unique group of marine mammals that have adapted to marine foraging while maintaining terrestrial (land or ice) habitat links. Comparative analyses of species range sizes controlled for phylogenetic relationships using a multi-gene supertree with divergence dates estimated using fossil calibrations. Adaptations to aquatic mating and especially sea ice parturition have influenced range size distribution, and ranges are larger than those of terrestrially mating and/or pupping species. Small range size is endangering for many taxa, and most at risk pinnipeds are terrestrial species with small ranges. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that pinnipeds had a long association with sea ice, an adaptation that would have allowed early seals to expand into novel habitats and increase their distribution. Range sizes exhibit a strong Rapoport effect (positive relationship between range size and latitude) at the global scale, even after controlling for phylogeny and body size allometry. A latitudinal gradient in species diversity cannot explain the Rapoport effect for global pinniped ranges, as diversity is highest at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres. These regions are characterized by marginal ice zones and variable climates, supporting a mix of pagophilic and temperate species. The climatic variability hypothesis also did not explain the Rapoport effect. Variability is bimodal, and annual sea surface temperature (SST) variability does explain diversity patterns. Range size has a significant negative relationship with annual mean SST, and the largest ranges are found in areas with low mean SST. Temperature responses are possibly related to thermoregulation, sea ice availability, and ecological relationships with other large marine predators. These results agree with other studies and suggest that ocean temperature, and not productivity, drives marine species richness patterns. Future research needs include studies of physiological tolerances, interactions with sharks as predators and competitors, and the role of climate and sea ice in speciation and evolution. A better understanding of distribution and diversity patterns, and the role of the environment in shaping these patterns, will improve conservation efforts, and studies on the role of SST and sea ice are particularly important given current warming trends and declines in ice extent.

No description available.

Unlike municipal water supplies, provincial regulations do not require systematic testing of domestic well water, which may adversely impact local residents should contamination occur. Private wells are typically shallow relative to municipal wells, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to sources of surficial contamination if preferential recharge pathways such as natural fractures or faulty seals are present. In order to determine the relative importance of well seal integrity as a preferential pathway, a practical detection method was developed based on infiltrometry. This method successfully detected faulty well seals in a wide range of geological settings across Canada, including: Hobbema, Alberta; Lindsay, Ontario; and Chelsea, Québec. It was most successful in areas of minimal heterogeneity and where the surficial geology is composed of fine-grained sediments. The community of Chelsea (Québec) was also the primary study site to examine a range of factors affecting water quality including physical characteristics, faulty well seals, other anthropogenic activities and seasonality. Water samples were collected over a period of 14 months and analyzed for bacteria and major-ion chemistry. The results show that the consideration of physical features alone is not enough to predict vulnerability in the study area. Seasonal fluctuations in ionic concentrations (e.g. ionic strength, NO3-N and Cl-) and coliform bacteria are observed and result from disperse and rapid recharge events. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) demonstrate that preferential recharge pathways and anthropogenic activities, such as domestic effluents affect the groundwater quality. The data and findings of this study were used to assist in the design of a probabilistic risk assessment model based on the Poisson distribution. This study demonstrates the complexity and the challenges related to bacterial contamination in drilled wells. In spite of these challenges, this analysis was useful as a baseline to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities, and may be used in future studies to assist municipalities in the evaluation and protection of groundwater supplies.

The design and selection of surface treatment binders in service is currently based on specifications that only account for the penetration and ductility of emulsion residues or the penetration and viscosity of hot-applied asphalt cements. These specifications consider neither the entire range of temperatures that the binders may be subjected to during production and in service, nor long-term aging behavior. A surface performance-graded (SPG) specification for the selection of surface treatment binders was developed as part of previous Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) projects. The work performed under the TxDOT Project 0-6616 was the basis for this thesis. In this project, the SPG specification, which is performance-based and takes into account the physical properties of the binder at the temperature ranges in which the material will be used, was further validated. This was accomplished by standardizing the emulsion residue recovery method through the evaluation of two warm oven methods, exploring the exclusive use of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) for determining performance-based properties, and further field validating the thresholds for these properties. The laboratory and field results were used to revise the SPG specification for surface treatment binders in service. Binder samples collected from chip seal projects constructed on selected highway sections in Texas in summer 2011 were tested and graded according to the existing SPG specification developed in previous research projects. Two warm oven emulsion residue recovery methods were used and compared. New DSR tests, including the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test and the frequency sweep test were evaluated for developing additional criteria in the SPG specification. The SPG grades of the surface binder samples evaluated from laboratory tests were compared with the actual field performance of the highway sections one year after construction. The SPG specification was found to be functional in terms of enabling the selection of binders to ensure adequate surface treatment performance. Moreover, the results obtained from the MSCR and DSR frequency sweep tests were compared with field performance to develop additional criteria in the specification. Further validation is recommended to investigate the effects of construction and quality control processes, as this study is limited to producing a revised SPG specification for properties that address stiffness and aggregate retention in service.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das propriedades mecânicas do metal duro nas composições WC-6Co, WC-10Co, WC-20Co, WC-6Co-6Ni, WC-6Co-12Ni, obtidos por metalurgia do pó convencional para aplicação em anéis de selos mecânicos. Estes compósitos foram obtidos a partir de uma composição comercial de WC-6Co, e adicionado cobalto e níquel para realização do balanço de massa. Determinou-se um procedimento de obtenção das composições, através de cálculos de balanceamento adicionando-se a quantidade de cobalto e níquel necessária para transformar um compósito comercial 94WC-6Co nos metais duros mencionados. Após este procedimento adicionou-se 1,5% de lubrificante, em um misturador em “Y”. Analisou-se no Microscópio eletrônico de varredura a homogeneidade das composições. Determinou-se a densidade aparente, a curva de compressibilidade e compactaram-se as amostras de metal duro obtendo-se as densidades a verde. Realizou-se a pré-sinterização e determinaram-se as densidades das peças présinterizadas, executou-se ensaio de compressão e obtiveram-se parâmetros de usinagem na operação de faceamento e furação dos corpos de prova pré-sinterizados. A sinterização foi realizada em diversas vezes, nos dois fornos resistivos e em três atmosferas de controle diferentes. Determinaram-se curvas rápidas de sinterização e utilizou as temperaturas de 1360, 1400, 1420, e 1450ºC para as várias composições de metal duro. Para analisar-se a eficiência da mistura foi realizado ensaio de densidade das amostras sinterizadas, dureza, microdureza, metalografia, micrografia, EDS, contração linear e contração volumétrica e compressão. Após a caracterização dos materiais foi projetado e fabricado um ferramental de compactação. Compactou-se, sinterizou-se e retificou-se um anel de selo mecânico. / The aim of this work is to characterize to study the mechanical properties of carbide in the composition WC-6Co, WC-10Co, WC-20Co, WC-6Co-6Ni, WC-6Co-12Ni obtained by conventional powder metallurgy for application to rings of mechanical seals. These composites were obtained from a commercial composition of WC-6Co, and added cobalt and nickel to perform the mass balance. It was determined a procedure for obtaining the compositions, by calculation of balancing resulting in the amount of cobalt and nickel needed to transform a composite commercial 94WC-6Co in hard metals mentioned. After this procedure was added to 1.5% of lubricant, in a blender "Y". Analyzed in a scanning electron microscope the homogeneity of the compositions. It was determined the density, the compressibility curve and compress the samples carbide yielding green densities. We calculated the pre-sintering and determined the densities of pre-sintered parts, performed in compression test and it was obtained machining parameters in milling operation and drilling of the specimens pre-sintered. The sintering was performed at various times in the two resistive furnaces and atmospheres in three different control. Were determined fast corners and used sintering temperatures of 1360, 1400, 1420, and 1450 º C for various compositions of carbide. To analyze the efficiency of mixing was performed to test the samples sintered density, hardness, hardness, metallography, electron micrograph, EDS, linear and volumetric shrinkage and compression. After the characterization of materials was designed and manufactured tools of compaction, compacted, sintered and ground a ring of mechanical seal.

O presente trabalho possui como objetivo analisar as propriedades do composto que apresenta em sua composição Fe-Cu-C com adição da cinza leve em percentuais de 4,8% classificado como composto A; 9,8% classificado como composto B; e 14.8% classificado como composto C, processados por metalurgia do pó convencional. Outro objetivo foi analisar o percentual desses compostos e compará-los a liga Fe-Cu-C, classificado como composto Sem Cinza (SC), que não apresenta cinza em sua composição. O composto que não apresenta cinza é utilizado na fabricação de anéis de selos mecânicos. Buscou-se nesse trabalho a melhor condição de cinza em balanço como sendo uma possível alternativa na fabricação desses componentes. A cinza leve foi adicionada ao composto SC já citado (Fe-Cu-C). O carbono presente no composto sem cinza, que tem por finalidade apresentar uma melhor condição de lubrificação nos anéis de selos mecânicos, foi mantido e balanceado junto aos três novos que apresentaram a adição de cinza. Foi analisada no microscópio eletrônico de varredura a distribuição dos elementos ferro, cobre, grafite e cinza leve após a sinterização. Já o tamanho das partículas dos constituintes dos compostos, foram analisados ainda em estado pulvurulento. Determinou-se a massa específica aparente, a curva de compressibilidade e foram compactadas as amostras dos compostos Fe-Cu-C com e sem cinza. Foi realizada a sinterização em atmosfera controlada por argônio em temperatura de 1150ºC com taxa de resfriamento constante. Para a análise da eficiência da mistura, foram realizados ensaios de densidade das amostras sinterizadas, dureza, microdureza e metalografia. Ensaio de micrografia, Dispersão de Energia por Espectroscopia (EDS), ensaio de desgaste pelo método tribológico, análise perfilométrica 2D e 3D e análise dimensional (variações de altura e diâmetro). Foi realizada também a análise da resistividade elétrica dos compostos balanceados com cinza e sem cinza. Para mensurar a possibilidade do uso dos compostos com cinza foram avaliados os resultados obtidos e comparados com os resultados do composto Fe-Cu-C sem adição de cinza. Os resultados indicaram a possiblidade do emprego do composto A (4,8% de cinza) para fabricação de anéis de selo mecânico. / This work aims to analyze the properties of the compound having in its composition Fe-Cu-C with the addition of fly ash in 4,8% percentage classified as compound A, 9,8% classified as compound B, and 14,8% classified as compound C, processed by conventional powder metallurgy. Another objective was to analyze the percentage of these compounds and compare them to Fe-Cu-C, classified as compound No fly ash (SC), which has no gray in their composition. The compound that has no ash is used in the manufacture of mechanical seals rings. We sought in this work the best condition of gray balance as a possible alternative in the manufacture of these components. The fly ash was added to the compound SC (Fe-Cu-C). The addition of carbon in the compounds was to reduce the friction in process compression. Was examined in a scanning electron microscope the distribution of the elements iron, copper, graphite, and fly ash after sintering. The size of the compounds particles were analyzed in powdery state. It was determined the apparent density, compressibility curve of the compounds Fe-Cu-C and Fe-Cu-C with fly ash. Sintering was performed in a controlled atmosphere with argon at a temperature of 1150 ° C with a constant rate of cooling. To analyze the efficiency of mixing of test samples of sintered density, hardness, hardness and metallography were performed. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), tribological wear test method, analysis perfilométrica 2D and 3D dimensional analysis (variations in height and diameter). Analysis of the electrical resistivity of the compounds with and without fly ash was also performed. To measure the possible use of the compounds with fly ash, results were evaluated and compared with results of the compound Fe-Cu-C without adding ash. The results indicated the possibility of employment of compound A (4,8% ash) for the manufacture of mechanical seal rings.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das propriedades mecânicas do metal duro nas composições WC-6Co, WC-10Co, WC-20Co, WC-6Co-6Ni, WC-6Co-12Ni, obtidos por metalurgia do pó convencional para aplicação em anéis de selos mecânicos. Estes compósitos foram obtidos a partir de uma composição comercial de WC-6Co, e adicionado cobalto e níquel para realização do balanço de massa. Determinou-se um procedimento de obtenção das composições, através de cálculos de balanceamento adicionando-se a quantidade de cobalto e níquel necessária para transformar um compósito comercial 94WC-6Co nos metais duros mencionados. Após este procedimento adicionou-se 1,5% de lubrificante, em um misturador em “Y”. Analisou-se no Microscópio eletrônico de varredura a homogeneidade das composições. Determinou-se a densidade aparente, a curva de compressibilidade e compactaram-se as amostras de metal duro obtendo-se as densidades a verde. Realizou-se a pré-sinterização e determinaram-se as densidades das peças présinterizadas, executou-se ensaio de compressão e obtiveram-se parâmetros de usinagem na operação de faceamento e furação dos corpos de prova pré-sinterizados. A sinterização foi realizada em diversas vezes, nos dois fornos resistivos e em três atmosferas de controle diferentes. Determinaram-se curvas rápidas de sinterização e utilizou as temperaturas de 1360, 1400, 1420, e 1450ºC para as várias composições de metal duro. Para analisar-se a eficiência da mistura foi realizado ensaio de densidade das amostras sinterizadas, dureza, microdureza, metalografia, micrografia, EDS, contração linear e contração volumétrica e compressão. Após a caracterização dos materiais foi projetado e fabricado um ferramental de compactação. Compactou-se, sinterizou-se e retificou-se um anel de selo mecânico. / The aim of this work is to characterize to study the mechanical properties of carbide in the composition WC-6Co, WC-10Co, WC-20Co, WC-6Co-6Ni, WC-6Co-12Ni obtained by conventional powder metallurgy for application to rings of mechanical seals. These composites were obtained from a commercial composition of WC-6Co, and added cobalt and nickel to perform the mass balance. It was determined a procedure for obtaining the compositions, by calculation of balancing resulting in the amount of cobalt and nickel needed to transform a composite commercial 94WC-6Co in hard metals mentioned. After this procedure was added to 1.5% of lubricant, in a blender "Y". Analyzed in a scanning electron microscope the homogeneity of the compositions. It was determined the density, the compressibility curve and compress the samples carbide yielding green densities. We calculated the pre-sintering and determined the densities of pre-sintered parts, performed in compression test and it was obtained machining parameters in milling operation and drilling of the specimens pre-sintered. The sintering was performed at various times in the two resistive furnaces and atmospheres in three different control. Were determined fast corners and used sintering temperatures of 1360, 1400, 1420, and 1450 º C for various compositions of carbide. To analyze the efficiency of mixing was performed to test the samples sintered density, hardness, hardness, metallography, electron micrograph, EDS, linear and volumetric shrinkage and compression. After the characterization of materials was designed and manufactured tools of compaction, compacted, sintered and ground a ring of mechanical seal.

O presente trabalho possui como objetivo analisar as propriedades do composto que apresenta em sua composição Fe-Cu-C com adição da cinza leve em percentuais de 4,8% classificado como composto A; 9,8% classificado como composto B; e 14.8% classificado como composto C, processados por metalurgia do pó convencional. Outro objetivo foi analisar o percentual desses compostos e compará-los a liga Fe-Cu-C, classificado como composto Sem Cinza (SC), que não apresenta cinza em sua composição. O composto que não apresenta cinza é utilizado na fabricação de anéis de selos mecânicos. Buscou-se nesse trabalho a melhor condição de cinza em balanço como sendo uma possível alternativa na fabricação desses componentes. A cinza leve foi adicionada ao composto SC já citado (Fe-Cu-C). O carbono presente no composto sem cinza, que tem por finalidade apresentar uma melhor condição de lubrificação nos anéis de selos mecânicos, foi mantido e balanceado junto aos três novos que apresentaram a adição de cinza. Foi analisada no microscópio eletrônico de varredura a distribuição dos elementos ferro, cobre, grafite e cinza leve após a sinterização. Já o tamanho das partículas dos constituintes dos compostos, foram analisados ainda em estado pulvurulento. Determinou-se a massa específica aparente, a curva de compressibilidade e foram compactadas as amostras dos compostos Fe-Cu-C com e sem cinza. Foi realizada a sinterização em atmosfera controlada por argônio em temperatura de 1150ºC com taxa de resfriamento constante. Para a análise da eficiência da mistura, foram realizados ensaios de densidade das amostras sinterizadas, dureza, microdureza e metalografia. Ensaio de micrografia, Dispersão de Energia por Espectroscopia (EDS), ensaio de desgaste pelo método tribológico, análise perfilométrica 2D e 3D e análise dimensional (variações de altura e diâmetro). Foi realizada também a análise da resistividade elétrica dos compostos balanceados com cinza e sem cinza. Para mensurar a possibilidade do uso dos compostos com cinza foram avaliados os resultados obtidos e comparados com os resultados do composto Fe-Cu-C sem adição de cinza. Os resultados indicaram a possiblidade do emprego do composto A (4,8% de cinza) para fabricação de anéis de selo mecânico. / This work aims to analyze the properties of the compound having in its composition Fe-Cu-C with the addition of fly ash in 4,8% percentage classified as compound A, 9,8% classified as compound B, and 14,8% classified as compound C, processed by conventional powder metallurgy. Another objective was to analyze the percentage of these compounds and compare them to Fe-Cu-C, classified as compound No fly ash (SC), which has no gray in their composition. The compound that has no ash is used in the manufacture of mechanical seals rings. We sought in this work the best condition of gray balance as a possible alternative in the manufacture of these components. The fly ash was added to the compound SC (Fe-Cu-C). The addition of carbon in the compounds was to reduce the friction in process compression. Was examined in a scanning electron microscope the distribution of the elements iron, copper, graphite, and fly ash after sintering. The size of the compounds particles were analyzed in powdery state. It was determined the apparent density, compressibility curve of the compounds Fe-Cu-C and Fe-Cu-C with fly ash. Sintering was performed in a controlled atmosphere with argon at a temperature of 1150 ° C with a constant rate of cooling. To analyze the efficiency of mixing of test samples of sintered density, hardness, hardness and metallography were performed. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), tribological wear test method, analysis perfilométrica 2D and 3D dimensional analysis (variations in height and diameter). Analysis of the electrical resistivity of the compounds with and without fly ash was also performed. To measure the possible use of the compounds with fly ash, results were evaluated and compared with results of the compound Fe-Cu-C without adding ash. The results indicated the possibility of employment of compound A (4,8% ash) for the manufacture of mechanical seal rings.