>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The fracture porosity and permeability of the Beaufort Seam 1 (BS1) and Ecca coal seams of the Waterberg Basin have been comprehensively characterised with the aid of geophysical wire‐line logs. The main aim of the thesis was to estimate the porosity and permeability of the coal seams using down‐hole wire‐line data; comparing results from injection falloff test to establish the validity of the technique as a fast an effective method. The study area is the largely under explored Karoo‐aged, fault bounded Waterberg basin Located in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study employed mainly the density and dual lateral resistivity logging data (Las format) from eight wells (WTB45, WTB48, WTB56, WTB58, WTB62, WTB65, WTB70 and WTB72). Density logging data was used for coal identification and fracture porosity estimation while fracture permeability was estimated from dual lateralog resistivity data. Analysis of fracture porosity required coal cementation indices and fracture width as an input parameter. These were estimated with the aid of water pump out test data, coal quality and gas analysis data provided by Anglo Coal in addition to the above mention logs. The collection of sheet coal model was used to represent anisotropic coal reservoirs with non‐uniform fracture system was used to represent these coals. The mathematical formulas used to estimate both fracture porosity and permeability took into account the above coal model. The theoretical formulas are a modification from both Darcy’s equation and Archie’s equations. The coal seams were encountered at depths ranging from 198m to 385m in the wells and were marked by low density and very high resistivity. From the estimated results the coal reservoirs are characterised by high cementation indices ranging from 0.82 to 2.42, very low fracture porosity and low fracture permeability. Estimated results show that coal reservoir fracture porosity ranged from 0.0002% to 0.33% for both BS1 and Ecca seams. Estimated results also show that coal reservoir permeability ranged from 0.0045mD to 6.05mD in the BS1 formation and from 0.01 to 0.107mD in the Ecca. Results when compared with those of injection falloff test shows that the estimated permeability is slightly lower as expected since the model did not account for coal anisopropy. The fracture permeability was found to decrease with increase in vitrinite content, coal rank, coal burial depth and increases with increase in inertinite content. On a basinal scale the model estimated permeability was found to increase slightly from the east to the west of the basin. The porosity decreases with increase cementation index for deeper coal seams and increases with increase cementation index for shallower coal seams.

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Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional and Community Planning / Jason Brody / This report acts as an independent study which contributes to the author’s participation in the 2012-2013 Kansas City Design Center planning and urban design studio. The project focuses on Independence Avenue in Kansas City, MO, the commercial and transportation backbone of seven neighborhoods, collectively known as Northeast Kansas City. Residents of these neighborhoods place great value in the “diversity” which exists in their neighborhoods, and have made it clear that this should be encouraged as a major part of the Northeast’s identity. This inspired the author to pursue a deeper understanding of the idea of diverse neighborhoods, how they fit into the “sustainable development” consciousness, and ultimately how one can plan and design for neighborhood diversity. The resulting study consisted of two levels of analysis. First, analyzing the mixture of age, sex, household type, race, and income level at the regional, city, and neighborhood scale, in order to understand what social diversity means in the Kansas City context, and define how diverse Northeast Kansas City neighborhoods are. The second was an analysis of conditions in the built environment. Using the Scarritt Renaissance and Lykins neighborhoods, and a common commercial district/social seam between the two as a case study, the author intended to analyze how successful or unsuccessful the typical Northeast neighborhood is at encouraging diverse populations. Ultimately, these analyses yielded two main conclusions. The first is that neighborhood diversity means drastically different things depending on how you define and measure the term. The second is the notion that social seam commercial districts are a unique spatial typology, which requires special design consideration, and can be most catalytic to setting the tone for future growth. Finally, the author concludes with the idea that one cannot necessarily plan or design for diverse neighborhoods, but they can do so in ways which empower diversity, and be conducive to things which support diverse neighborhoods. However, the built environment only makes up a portion of the things which influence neighborhood diversity, requiring an involved and invested community who values social diversity in their neighborhood.

A necessária atenção que se dá à seleção do tecido base da vestimenta de proteção ao calor e ao fogo é, algumas vezes, negligenciada no momento da confecção do produto. Fatores como a terceirização do processo de costura pelas empresas e a inspeção de qualidade somente no seu final, podem dificultar tanto o acompanhamento do processo de confecção, quanto a observação das especificações das normas regulamentadoras, possibilitando produção de vestimentas ineficazes na sua função protetora. A inflamabilidade da costura de uma vestimenta de proteção ao calor e à chama pode sofrer a influência de fatores, independentes ou combinados, como a estrutura química e como a geometria da fibra as quais compõem a linha de costura, a estrutura da linha, a lubrificação da linha, a tensão do ponto, o tipo da costura e a inflamabilidade do tecido base. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar o comportamento das costuras feitas com diferentes tipos de linhas, sobre tecido com característica retardante da chama, submetidas ao teste de inflamabilidade vertical. / The necessary attention to the selection of the base fabric of protective clothing to heat and fire is sometimes overlooked at the time of manufacturing the product. Factors such as outsourcing the sewing process and having quality inspections only at the end of the process, can hinder the supervision of the manufacturing and legislation specifications, causing the production of garments ineffective in its protective function. The flammability of the seam of a protection garment to heat and flame, can be influenced by both independent or combined factors, as the chemical structure and geometry of the fiber composing the sewing thread, the structure of line, line lubrication, stitching tension, the type of stitching and flammability of the base fabric. The goal of this study is to compare the behavior of the seams made with different types of threads on fabric with flame retardant characteristics, for vertical flammability testing.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo à caracterização do carvão de Candiota visando seu beneficiamento. A caracterização do carvão para o seu beneficiamento tem sido de grande importância hoje, uma vez que este recurso mineral representa uma alternativa energética em todo o mundo. Entretanto, a previsão de um bom aproveitamento deste recurso mineral, não passa da necessidade da sua caracterização efetiva. O beneficiamento do carvão tem por objetivo promover a redução do teor de cinza, o aumento do teor da matéria carbonosa e conseqüentemente, do poder calorífico. Além disso, promove a redução do teor de enxofre e a obtenção de granulometrias adequadas às especificações industriais, visando a sua utilização em função das necessidades do mercado consumidor. Para a caracterização do carvão de Candiota para este estudo foram elaboradas tabelas comparativas de todas as camadas divididas em dois grupos: camadas inferiores e superiores nos furos 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 670, 371 e 372. Devido às exigências mínimas no conteúdo de teor de cinzas no carvão mineral para o seu uso no mercado consumidor, foram pré-definidos três cortes de cinzas em 35, 42 e 48 %. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi calculado para todas as camadas presentes nos furos anteriormente referidos, o concentrado e o respectivo rejeito. Também foi calculada para cada camada a recuperação mássica teórica, média ponderada nas frações -25,4 +2,0 mm e -2,0 +0,1mm respectivamente. A fração fina de -0,1 mm foi considerada para descarte. Igualmente foram elaborados os fluxogramas de beneficiamento para todas as camadas do carvão nos furos anteriormente referidos, assim como as suas respectivas curvas médias de blendagem. Não foram usados métodos estatísticos para este estudo, nem a previsão de maior recuperação usando as curvas tromp ou de erro, em contra partida foram elaboradas as curvas médias nas blendagens das camadas inferiores e superiores incluindo neste último a camada Banco Louco. / This study aims to characterize the Candiota coal processing your order. The characterization of coal to its processing has been of great impotrance today, since this non-renewable mineral resource represents an alternative energy source worldwide. However, the forecast of a good use of this mineral resource is but need for effective characterization. The beneficiation of coal aims to promote the reduction of ash content, the increase in content of carbonaceuos matter and therefore, the calorific value.It also promotes the reduction of surfur content and particle size appropriate for obtaining industrial specification for their application to the needs of the consumer market. For the characterization of coal Candiota for this study were prepared comparative tables of all seams divided in two groups: lower and upper seams in the holes 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371 and 372. Due to the specification, the minimumm content of ash content in coal for use in the market, were pre-defined three of ash 35, 42 and 48%. To achive the proposed objective, was calculated for all seams in the holes previously mentioned, its concentrate and their waste. Was also calculated for each seams theoretical mass recovery ash content, calculate the weighted average fractions -25,4 +2,0 mm and -2,0 +0,1 mm respectively. The fine fraction of -0,1 mm was considered for disposal. Also were prepared flowcharts of processing for all seams of coal holes mentioned above, as well as their respective average curves blending. No statiscal methods were used for this study, neithet the higher recovery prediction curves using tromp or error, starting from the average curves were prepared in blends of lower and upper seams including the discontinue seam.

We present a method for representing seams in clothing animation, and its application in simulation level of detail. Specifically we consider cloth represented as a regular grid of particles connected by spring-dampers, and a seam specified by a closed set of parametric trim curves in the cloth domain. Conventional cloth animation requires the tessellation of seams so that they are handled uniformly by the dynamics process. Our goal is a seam definition which does not constrain the attached clothing panels to be of the same resolution, or even constant resolution, while not being a hindrance to the dynamics process. We also apply our seams to cloth defined on a regular grid, as opposed to the irregular meshes commonly used with seams. The determination of particles interior to the cloth panel can be done using wellknown graphics operations such as scan-conversion. Due to the particle-based nature of the simulation, the dynamics approach combines easily with existing implicit and explicit methods. Finally, because the seams are resolution independent, the particle density per clothing panel can be adjusted as desired. This gives rise to a simple application of the given seams approach illustrating how it may be used for simulation level of detail.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo à caracterização do carvão de Candiota visando seu beneficiamento. A caracterização do carvão para o seu beneficiamento tem sido de grande importância hoje, uma vez que este recurso mineral representa uma alternativa energética em todo o mundo. Entretanto, a previsão de um bom aproveitamento deste recurso mineral, não passa da necessidade da sua caracterização efetiva. O beneficiamento do carvão tem por objetivo promover a redução do teor de cinza, o aumento do teor da matéria carbonosa e conseqüentemente, do poder calorífico. Além disso, promove a redução do teor de enxofre e a obtenção de granulometrias adequadas às especificações industriais, visando a sua utilização em função das necessidades do mercado consumidor. Para a caracterização do carvão de Candiota para este estudo foram elaboradas tabelas comparativas de todas as camadas divididas em dois grupos: camadas inferiores e superiores nos furos 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 670, 371 e 372. Devido às exigências mínimas no conteúdo de teor de cinzas no carvão mineral para o seu uso no mercado consumidor, foram pré-definidos três cortes de cinzas em 35, 42 e 48 %. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi calculado para todas as camadas presentes nos furos anteriormente referidos, o concentrado e o respectivo rejeito. Também foi calculada para cada camada a recuperação mássica teórica, média ponderada nas frações -25,4 +2,0 mm e -2,0 +0,1mm respectivamente. A fração fina de -0,1 mm foi considerada para descarte. Igualmente foram elaborados os fluxogramas de beneficiamento para todas as camadas do carvão nos furos anteriormente referidos, assim como as suas respectivas curvas médias de blendagem. Não foram usados métodos estatísticos para este estudo, nem a previsão de maior recuperação usando as curvas tromp ou de erro, em contra partida foram elaboradas as curvas médias nas blendagens das camadas inferiores e superiores incluindo neste último a camada Banco Louco. / This study aims to characterize the Candiota coal processing your order. The characterization of coal to its processing has been of great impotrance today, since this non-renewable mineral resource represents an alternative energy source worldwide. However, the forecast of a good use of this mineral resource is but need for effective characterization. The beneficiation of coal aims to promote the reduction of ash content, the increase in content of carbonaceuos matter and therefore, the calorific value.It also promotes the reduction of surfur content and particle size appropriate for obtaining industrial specification for their application to the needs of the consumer market. For the characterization of coal Candiota for this study were prepared comparative tables of all seams divided in two groups: lower and upper seams in the holes 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371 and 372. Due to the specification, the minimumm content of ash content in coal for use in the market, were pre-defined three of ash 35, 42 and 48%. To achive the proposed objective, was calculated for all seams in the holes previously mentioned, its concentrate and their waste. Was also calculated for each seams theoretical mass recovery ash content, calculate the weighted average fractions -25,4 +2,0 mm and -2,0 +0,1 mm respectively. The fine fraction of -0,1 mm was considered for disposal. Also were prepared flowcharts of processing for all seams of coal holes mentioned above, as well as their respective average curves blending. No statiscal methods were used for this study, neithet the higher recovery prediction curves using tromp or error, starting from the average curves were prepared in blends of lower and upper seams including the discontinue seam.

abstract: Laboratory testing was conducted to quantify strain concentrations adjacent to seams and scratches in high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes. The tensile strain profile of remnants meeting the ASTM criteria for wide-width tensile testing from samples of field seams recovered for construction quality assurance testing was evaluated using digital image correlation (DIC). Strains adjacent to scratches on laboratory prepared samples loaded in tension were also measured using DIC. The tensile strain in the zone adjacent to a seam and the tensile strain adjacent to a scratch were compared to the tensile strains calculated using theoretical strain concentration factors. The relationship between the maximum tensile strain adjacent to a seam and the global nominal strain in the sample was quantified for textured and smooth geomembranes of common thicknesses. Using statistical analysis of the data, bounds were developed for the allowable nominal tensile strain expected to induce maximum tensile strains adjacent to the seam less than or equal to the typical yield strain of HDPE geomembranes, at several confidence levels. Where nominal strain is the global or average strain applied to the sample and maximum strain is the largest tensile strain induced in the sample. The reduction in the nominal yield strain due to a scratch in a HDPE geomembrane was also quantified. The yield strain was approximately the same as predicted using theoretical strain concentration factors. The difference in the average measured maximum strains adjacent to the seams of textured and smooth HDPE geomembranes was found to be statistically insignificant. However, maximum strains adjacent to extrusion welded seams were somewhat greater than adjacent to fusion welded seams for nominal strains on the order of 3% to 4%. The results of the testing program suggest that the nominal tensile strain should be limited to 4% around dual hot wedge seams and 3% around extrusion fillet seams to avoid maximum strains equal to 11%, a typical yield strain for HDPE geomembranes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil Engineering 2017

O presente estudo tem como objetivo à caracterização do carvão de Candiota visando seu beneficiamento. A caracterização do carvão para o seu beneficiamento tem sido de grande importância hoje, uma vez que este recurso mineral representa uma alternativa energética em todo o mundo. Entretanto, a previsão de um bom aproveitamento deste recurso mineral, não passa da necessidade da sua caracterização efetiva. O beneficiamento do carvão tem por objetivo promover a redução do teor de cinza, o aumento do teor da matéria carbonosa e conseqüentemente, do poder calorífico. Além disso, promove a redução do teor de enxofre e a obtenção de granulometrias adequadas às especificações industriais, visando a sua utilização em função das necessidades do mercado consumidor. Para a caracterização do carvão de Candiota para este estudo foram elaboradas tabelas comparativas de todas as camadas divididas em dois grupos: camadas inferiores e superiores nos furos 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 670, 371 e 372. Devido às exigências mínimas no conteúdo de teor de cinzas no carvão mineral para o seu uso no mercado consumidor, foram pré-definidos três cortes de cinzas em 35, 42 e 48 %. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi calculado para todas as camadas presentes nos furos anteriormente referidos, o concentrado e o respectivo rejeito. Também foi calculada para cada camada a recuperação mássica teórica, média ponderada nas frações -25,4 +2,0 mm e -2,0 +0,1mm respectivamente. A fração fina de -0,1 mm foi considerada para descarte. Igualmente foram elaborados os fluxogramas de beneficiamento para todas as camadas do carvão nos furos anteriormente referidos, assim como as suas respectivas curvas médias de blendagem. Não foram usados métodos estatísticos para este estudo, nem a previsão de maior recuperação usando as curvas tromp ou de erro, em contra partida foram elaboradas as curvas médias nas blendagens das camadas inferiores e superiores incluindo neste último a camada Banco Louco. / This study aims to characterize the Candiota coal processing your order. The characterization of coal to its processing has been of great impotrance today, since this non-renewable mineral resource represents an alternative energy source worldwide. However, the forecast of a good use of this mineral resource is but need for effective characterization. The beneficiation of coal aims to promote the reduction of ash content, the increase in content of carbonaceuos matter and therefore, the calorific value.It also promotes the reduction of surfur content and particle size appropriate for obtaining industrial specification for their application to the needs of the consumer market. For the characterization of coal Candiota for this study were prepared comparative tables of all seams divided in two groups: lower and upper seams in the holes 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371 and 372. Due to the specification, the minimumm content of ash content in coal for use in the market, were pre-defined three of ash 35, 42 and 48%. To achive the proposed objective, was calculated for all seams in the holes previously mentioned, its concentrate and their waste. Was also calculated for each seams theoretical mass recovery ash content, calculate the weighted average fractions -25,4 +2,0 mm and -2,0 +0,1 mm respectively. The fine fraction of -0,1 mm was considered for disposal. Also were prepared flowcharts of processing for all seams of coal holes mentioned above, as well as their respective average curves blending. No statiscal methods were used for this study, neithet the higher recovery prediction curves using tromp or error, starting from the average curves were prepared in blends of lower and upper seams including the discontinue seam.

A necessária atenção que se dá à seleção do tecido base da vestimenta de proteção ao calor e ao fogo é, algumas vezes, negligenciada no momento da confecção do produto. Fatores como a terceirização do processo de costura pelas empresas e a inspeção de qualidade somente no seu final, podem dificultar tanto o acompanhamento do processo de confecção, quanto a observação das especificações das normas regulamentadoras, possibilitando produção de vestimentas ineficazes na sua função protetora. A inflamabilidade da costura de uma vestimenta de proteção ao calor e à chama pode sofrer a influência de fatores, independentes ou combinados, como a estrutura química e como a geometria da fibra as quais compõem a linha de costura, a estrutura da linha, a lubrificação da linha, a tensão do ponto, o tipo da costura e a inflamabilidade do tecido base. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar o comportamento das costuras feitas com diferentes tipos de linhas, sobre tecido com característica retardante da chama, submetidas ao teste de inflamabilidade vertical. / The necessary attention to the selection of the base fabric of protective clothing to heat and fire is sometimes overlooked at the time of manufacturing the product. Factors such as outsourcing the sewing process and having quality inspections only at the end of the process, can hinder the supervision of the manufacturing and legislation specifications, causing the production of garments ineffective in its protective function. The flammability of the seam of a protection garment to heat and flame, can be influenced by both independent or combined factors, as the chemical structure and geometry of the fiber composing the sewing thread, the structure of line, line lubrication, stitching tension, the type of stitching and flammability of the base fabric. The goal of this study is to compare the behavior of the seams made with different types of threads on fabric with flame retardant characteristics, for vertical flammability testing.