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Shorelines, including the Inner Forth in Scotland, are facing unprecedented challenges with climate change. Rising sea levels mean that stakeholders need to work closely to deliver adaptation, such as the nature-based option of intentionally realigning shorelines landwards to give the sea more space. Drawing from workshops, interviews and surveys with citizens living on the shores of the Inner Forth, and semi-structured interviews with locally active organisations and land-owners, this thesis examines the governance context and methodological issues of citizen engagement in adaptation, with a focus on the use of participatory valuation tools. In particular, I develop citizen-oriented methodological options for integrated and deliberative valuation to address issues of inclusivity and knowledge gaps. The novelty of the deliberative valuation presented here is based on the explicit consideration of awareness gaps from both expert and local perspectives. The results show that even though emerging collaborative institutions are broadening the spectrum of stakeholders engaged in shoreline governance, they do not yet include representative groups of citizens. Empirical material presented here suggests that bridging the citizen engagement gap would potentially support the uptake of nature-based adaptation options, enhance legitimacy of decision-making processes, and bring other-regarding moral principles and biocentric values into decision-making. However, as the valuation results from the citizen workshops illustrate (in resonance with the central tenets of the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services), commonly applied valuation methods may be too narrow in their framing to capture plural values and world views. Furthermore, the ability of citizens to engage in adaptation is limited by knowledge gaps regarding the local area and the pressures it is facing. The deliberative citizen-oriented approach to valuation developed here led to the emergence of clearer priorities, improved choice model fit and participant confidence, providing empirical evidence to support the premise that deliberation builds citizens' ability to engage in adaptation. In addition to contributing empirical insights on how adaptation governance is unfolding on local scales, this thesis responds to methodological discussions on the use of valuation for citizen engagement in three main ways: 1) it demonstrates that the choice of value framings impacts the engagement outcomes; 2) it illustrates how deliberative valuation can shape citizens' attitudes towards the uptake of adaptation measures; 3) it provides evidence of the specific role that local knowledge plays in improving the outcomes of deliberative valuation.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-26T15:56:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESECAMARGO2016.pdf: 15058868 bytes, checksum: 6592263913f5c42e961d6608f27df3e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T15:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESECAMARGO2016.pdf: 15058868 bytes, checksum: 6592263913f5c42e961d6608f27df3e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / CAPES / A geodiversidade de uma plataforma continental se refere à heterogeneidade de feições geológicas e geomorfológicas e determinam a ocorrência de paisagens submersas e hábitats bentônicos específicos. Muitas vezes, aspectos abióticos do assoalho marinho são usados como indicadores substitutos de hábitats bentônicos e subsidiam iniciativas em prol de sua conservação e manejo. No sentido de investigar a geodiversidade e as paisagens submersas da Plataforma Continental Sul de Pernambuco (PCSPE), as bacias hidrográficas costeiras e o assoalho marinho, entre as profundidades de 10 e 120 metros, foram analisadas através de técnicas de geoprocessamento, levantamentos batimétricos e videográficos. A tese buscou identificar os padrões espaciais da geodiversidade e paisagens submersas e contribuir para a conservação da biodiversidade local, em especial, àquela relacionada aos substratos consolidados. O MDE da porção emersa da área (9.085 km2) permitiu a identificação de feições topográficas, como o Planalto da Borborema e o Lineamento Pernambuco. Além disto, subsidiou a caracterização morfométrica das bacias hidrográficas, evidenciando as do Rio Una e Rio Sirinhaém, como as maiores e mais importantes. No tocante à porção submersa da área, a compilação de 559.365 pontos batimétricos permitiu a geração de um MDE (971 km2), revelando a presença marcante de três canais submersos e de degraus nas faixas de profundidade de 16-20, 20-23, 25-30, 35-40 e 50-55 m. 287 seções transversais realizadas no MDE permitiram identificar e descrever setores topograficamente distintos ao longo dos canais submersos. Tal heterogeneidade provavelmente está relacionada com períodos de estabilização, durante as oscilações do nível do mar. 64 amostras de sedimentos com teores de cascalho, areia, silte e argila, 49 amostras com teores de carbonato de cálcio, bem como a localização de 29 fundos consolidados registrados em sonogramas permitiram a caracterização da cobertura sedimentar da PCSPE. A mesma, mostrou-se predominantemente carbonática, com maiores contribuições de areias e cascalhos biogênicos, demonstrando a importância dos organismos secretores de carbonato de cálcio, bem adaptados a águas rasas, quentes e iluminadas. A integração de dados de topografia e de variações eustáticas do nível do mar possibilitou a proposição de um modelo paleogeográfico para a plataforma continental leste brasileira, que apresentou potencial para a ocorrência de pelo menos 15 canais submersos, entre os estados da PB, PE e AL, diante das características morfométricas entre as bacias hidrográficas, influenciadas pelo Planalto da Borborema. A análise da distribuição de declividade na PCSPE demonstrou que a área é predominantemente plana, salvo junto às topografias acidentadas dos canais submersos e da borda da plataforma, e pontualmente na plataforma continental interna. Através da análise de 03 vídeo-transectos, em dois setores distintos do Canal da Zieta, foi evidenciada a vocação da declividade, como indicador substituto de substratos consolidados. Aparentemente, os relevos ondulados da PCSPE indicam a ocorrência de paisagens submersas dominadas por este tipo de substrato. Um número maior e diverso de vídeo-transectos, bem como a integração com dados biológicos, são altamente recomendados, para que, através de análises mais robustas, a relação da declividade do terreno, como indicador substituto de ambientes recifais, seja consolidada. A localização restrita dos relevos acidentados forneceu uma visão da provável reduzida distribuição desses ambientes, podendo contribuir para o desenho mais adequado de Áreas Marinhas Protegidas. O potencial de ocorrência de canais submersos na plataforma continental leste brasileira sugere a replicação dos esforços aqui reunidos. Com dezenas de quilômetros de extensão, profundidades de até 40 metros, e aparentemente, concentrando biodiversidade, os canais submersos devem ser considerados importantes feições topográficas da região, não apenas por suas dimensões, mas também por sua importância ambiental e socioeconômica. / The geodiversity of a continental shelf refers to the heterogeneity of geological and geomorphological features and determine the occurrence of specific seascapes and benthic habitats. Often, abiotic aspects of the seafloor are used as surrogate of benthic habitats and subsidize initiatives for their conservation and management. In order to investigate the geodiversity and seascapes of the South Continental Shelf of Pernambuco (PCSPE), the coastal watersheds and the seafloor, between depths of 10 and 120 meters, were analyzed by geoprocessing techniques, bathymetric and videographic surveys. The thesis sought to identify the spatial patterns of geodiversity and seascapes and contribute to the conservation of local biodiversity, in particular to that related to consolidated substrates. A DEM of the emerged portion of the study area (9,085 km2) allowed the identification of topographic features, such as the Borborema Plateau and the Pernambuco Lineament. In addition, it subsidized the morphometric characterization of the coastal watersheds, evidencing those of Una and Sirinhaém rivers, as the largest and most important. As for the submerged portion of the study area, the compilation of 559.365 bathymetric points allowed the generation of an DEM (971 km2), revealing the remarkable presence of three submerged channels and of steps in the depth ranges of 16-20, 20-23 , 25-30, 35-40 and 50-55 m. 287 cross sections performed in the DEM allowed to identify and describe 11 topographically distinct sectors along the submerged channels. Such heterogeneity is probably related to periods of stabilization during sea level oscillations. 64 sediment samples with gravel, sand, silt and clay contents, 49 samples with calcium carbonate contents, as well as the location of 29 consolidated substrates recorded in sonograms allowed the characterization of the sedimentary cover of the PCSPE. It was predominantly carbonatic, with a higher contribution of biogenic sands and gravel, demonstrating the importance of calcium carbonate secreting organisms, well adapted to shallow, warm and illuminated tropical waters. The integration of topography data and eustatic variations of the sea level allowed the proposal of a paleogeographic model for the East Brazilian Continental Shelf, which presented potential for the occurrence of at least 15 submerged channels, among the states of PB, PE and AL, due to the morphometric similarities between the watersheds, influenced by the Borborema Plateau. The analysis of the slope distribution in the PCSPE showed that the area is predominantly flat except for the rugged topographies of the submerged channels and the shelf edge, and occasionally on the internal continental shelf. Through the analysis of 03 video-transects, in two distinct sectors of the Zieta Channel, the vocation of slope was evidenced as a surrogate of consolidated substrates. Apparently, the wavy reliefs of PCSPE indicate the occurrence of submerged landscapes dominated by this type of substrate. A larger and diverse number of video transects, as well as integration with biological data, are highly recommended, so that, through more robust analyzes, the relationship of the terrain slope as a surrogate of reef environments would been consolidated. The restricted location of the rugged reliefs provided an insight into the likely reduced distribution of these environments and could contribute to the most appropriate design of Protected Marine Areas. The potential of submerged channels in the East Brazilian Continental Shelf suggests the replication of the efforts gathered here. The submerged channels, with tens of kilometers of depth, depths of up to 40 meters, and apparently concentrating biodiversity, should be considered important topographic features of the region, not only because of their size, but also because of their environmental and socioeconomic importance.