Sodium/proton exchangers are ubiquitous secondary active transporters that can be found in all kingdoms of life. These proteins facilitate the transport of protons in exchange for sodium ions to help regulate internal pH, sodium levels, and cell volume. Na+/H+ exchangers belong to the SLC9 family and are involved in many physiological processes including cell proliferation, cell migration and vesicle trafficking. Dysfunction of these proteins has been linked to physiological disorders, such as hypertension, heart failure, epilepsy and diabetes. The goal of my thesis is to establish the molecular basis of ion exchange in Na+/H+ exchangers. By establishing how they bind and catalyse the movement of ions across the membrane, we hope we can better understand their role in human physiology. In my thesis, I will first present an overview of Na+/H+ exchangers and their molecular mechanism of ion translocation as was currently understood by structural and functional studies when I started my PhD studies. I will outline our important contributions to this field, which were to (i) obtain the first atomic structures of the same Na+/H+ exchanger (NapA) in two major alternating conformations, (ii) show how a transmembrane embedded lysine residue is essential for carrying out electrogenic transport, and (iii) isolate and recorde the first kinetic data of a mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger (NHA2) in an isolated liposome reconstitution system.