The work deals with the investigation of the effects of vacuum degassing and decarburization in high alloyed stainless steel. The reason for this is to increase corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The theoretical part is devoted to the analysis of options to reduce carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and manganese at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum. In experimental part there is the description of melting, calculation of conditions facilitating reduction of oxide inclusions as a function of the gas pressure in the furnace and the evaluation of the influence of vacuum on the content reduction of carbon, nitrogen and manganese.

O tratamento de inclusões com cálcio é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção de aços mais limpos e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A simulação em laboratório do processo industrial tem sua importância na possibilidade de estudar as reações e interações químicas do tratamento de inclusões no aço líquido. Esse tipo de estudo é possível através do uso de experimentos associados entre fornos a cálculos termodinâmicos. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar - em escala laboratorial - a evolução de inclusões modificadas com a adição de cálcio no banho do aço SAE 8620; 2) Comparar os resultados obtidos com simulações via termodinâmica computacional; 3) Consolidar uma metodologia para estudo de inclusões em escala laboratorial. Para isso, foram executadas corridas em um forno elétrico resistivo de escala de laboratório. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: ferro com alta pureza e as ferroligas usadas na indústria. Houve injeção de alumínio e cálcio no aço líquido. Na análise química do aço foram considerados os elementos de liga de rotina de produção inclusive os teores de cálcio e oxigênio total. Nas análises de inclusões foram avaliados, via MEV/EDS: composição química, morfologia, distribuição de fases e tamanho.Para calcular o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre aço líquido e inclusões não-metálicas - via termodinâmica computacional - foram utilizados os bancos de dados do software FactSage. Observou-se a modificação química das inclusões com a adição de cálcio, formando diferentes tipos de cálcio-aluminatos, como previsto. Devido à presença de enxofre, verificou-se a formação de sulfetos de cálcio e manganês associados aos cálcio-aluminatos. Também obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os resultados calculados via termodinâmica computacional e a literatura consultada. / The inclusion treatment with calcium is a powerful tool for the production of cleaner steels with improved mechanical properties. The simulation in laboratory of the industrial process has its importance in the possibility of studying the reactions and chemical interactions of the inclusions treatment in the liquid steel. This kind of study is just possible through the use of experiments associated with furnaces and thermodynamics simulations. This way, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate - in laboratorial scale - the evolution of inclusions modified with the calcium addition in the SAE 8620 steel bath; 2) to compare the results obtained with computational thermodynamics simulation; 3) to consolidate a methodology for study inclusions in laboratorial scale. Trials in a electrical resistive furnace in laboratory scale were carried out. The raw materials used were: high purity iron and ferroalloys used in the industry. It had also injection of aluminium and calcium in the liquid steel. In the chemical analysis of the steel it was considered the common alloying elements of steel including calcium and total oxygen. In the inclusions analysis were evaluated by SEM/EDS: chemical composition, morphology, phases distribution and size. To calculate the thermodynamic balance between liquid steel and nonmetallic inclusions - by computational thermodynamics simulation - the FactSage data bases software were used. The chemical modification of the inclusions with calcium addition was observed, forming different types of calcium-aluminates, as predicted. Due to sulphur presence it was verified the formation of calcium and manganese sulphides associates with calciumaluminates. Also it was obtained a good correlation between these results, calculated by computational thermodynamics and literature.

O tratamento de inclusões com cálcio é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção de aços mais limpos e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A simulação em laboratório do processo industrial tem sua importância na possibilidade de estudar as reações e interações químicas do tratamento de inclusões no aço líquido. Esse tipo de estudo é possível através do uso de experimentos associados entre fornos a cálculos termodinâmicos. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar - em escala laboratorial - a evolução de inclusões modificadas com a adição de cálcio no banho do aço SAE 8620; 2) Comparar os resultados obtidos com simulações via termodinâmica computacional; 3) Consolidar uma metodologia para estudo de inclusões em escala laboratorial. Para isso, foram executadas corridas em um forno elétrico resistivo de escala de laboratório. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: ferro com alta pureza e as ferroligas usadas na indústria. Houve injeção de alumínio e cálcio no aço líquido. Na análise química do aço foram considerados os elementos de liga de rotina de produção inclusive os teores de cálcio e oxigênio total. Nas análises de inclusões foram avaliados, via MEV/EDS: composição química, morfologia, distribuição de fases e tamanho.Para calcular o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre aço líquido e inclusões não-metálicas - via termodinâmica computacional - foram utilizados os bancos de dados do software FactSage. Observou-se a modificação química das inclusões com a adição de cálcio, formando diferentes tipos de cálcio-aluminatos, como previsto. Devido à presença de enxofre, verificou-se a formação de sulfetos de cálcio e manganês associados aos cálcio-aluminatos. Também obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os resultados calculados via termodinâmica computacional e a literatura consultada. / The inclusion treatment with calcium is a powerful tool for the production of cleaner steels with improved mechanical properties. The simulation in laboratory of the industrial process has its importance in the possibility of studying the reactions and chemical interactions of the inclusions treatment in the liquid steel. This kind of study is just possible through the use of experiments associated with furnaces and thermodynamics simulations. This way, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate - in laboratorial scale - the evolution of inclusions modified with the calcium addition in the SAE 8620 steel bath; 2) to compare the results obtained with computational thermodynamics simulation; 3) to consolidate a methodology for study inclusions in laboratorial scale. Trials in a electrical resistive furnace in laboratory scale were carried out. The raw materials used were: high purity iron and ferroalloys used in the industry. It had also injection of aluminium and calcium in the liquid steel. In the chemical analysis of the steel it was considered the common alloying elements of steel including calcium and total oxygen. In the inclusions analysis were evaluated by SEM/EDS: chemical composition, morphology, phases distribution and size. To calculate the thermodynamic balance between liquid steel and nonmetallic inclusions - by computational thermodynamics simulation - the FactSage data bases software were used. The chemical modification of the inclusions with calcium addition was observed, forming different types of calcium-aluminates, as predicted. Due to sulphur presence it was verified the formation of calcium and manganese sulphides associates with calciumaluminates. Also it was obtained a good correlation between these results, calculated by computational thermodynamics and literature.

O tratamento de inclusões com cálcio é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção de aços mais limpos e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A simulação em laboratório do processo industrial tem sua importância na possibilidade de estudar as reações e interações químicas do tratamento de inclusões no aço líquido. Esse tipo de estudo é possível através do uso de experimentos associados entre fornos a cálculos termodinâmicos. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar - em escala laboratorial - a evolução de inclusões modificadas com a adição de cálcio no banho do aço SAE 8620; 2) Comparar os resultados obtidos com simulações via termodinâmica computacional; 3) Consolidar uma metodologia para estudo de inclusões em escala laboratorial. Para isso, foram executadas corridas em um forno elétrico resistivo de escala de laboratório. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: ferro com alta pureza e as ferroligas usadas na indústria. Houve injeção de alumínio e cálcio no aço líquido. Na análise química do aço foram considerados os elementos de liga de rotina de produção inclusive os teores de cálcio e oxigênio total. Nas análises de inclusões foram avaliados, via MEV/EDS: composição química, morfologia, distribuição de fases e tamanho.Para calcular o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre aço líquido e inclusões não-metálicas - via termodinâmica computacional - foram utilizados os bancos de dados do software FactSage. Observou-se a modificação química das inclusões com a adição de cálcio, formando diferentes tipos de cálcio-aluminatos, como previsto. Devido à presença de enxofre, verificou-se a formação de sulfetos de cálcio e manganês associados aos cálcio-aluminatos. Também obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os resultados calculados via termodinâmica computacional e a literatura consultada. / The inclusion treatment with calcium is a powerful tool for the production of cleaner steels with improved mechanical properties. The simulation in laboratory of the industrial process has its importance in the possibility of studying the reactions and chemical interactions of the inclusions treatment in the liquid steel. This kind of study is just possible through the use of experiments associated with furnaces and thermodynamics simulations. This way, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate - in laboratorial scale - the evolution of inclusions modified with the calcium addition in the SAE 8620 steel bath; 2) to compare the results obtained with computational thermodynamics simulation; 3) to consolidate a methodology for study inclusions in laboratorial scale. Trials in a electrical resistive furnace in laboratory scale were carried out. The raw materials used were: high purity iron and ferroalloys used in the industry. It had also injection of aluminium and calcium in the liquid steel. In the chemical analysis of the steel it was considered the common alloying elements of steel including calcium and total oxygen. In the inclusions analysis were evaluated by SEM/EDS: chemical composition, morphology, phases distribution and size. To calculate the thermodynamic balance between liquid steel and nonmetallic inclusions - by computational thermodynamics simulation - the FactSage data bases software were used. The chemical modification of the inclusions with calcium addition was observed, forming different types of calcium-aluminates, as predicted. Due to sulphur presence it was verified the formation of calcium and manganese sulphides associates with calciumaluminates. Also it was obtained a good correlation between these results, calculated by computational thermodynamics and literature.

Современные условия хозяйственной деятельности, ее динамика делают рационализацию процессов материально-технического обеспечения одним из основных конкурентных преимуществ хозяйствующих субъектов. Данное положение особенно актуально для материалоемких малых предприятий занятых в цветной металлургии. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка методики обеспечения малых промышленных предприятий ломом цветных металлов. В работе анализируются основные производственные особенности малых промышленных предприятий в разрезе этапов ресурсного обеспечения предприятий, даются рекомендация по оптимизации ресурсного обеспечения малого промышленного предприятия ломом цветных металлов. Отмечено особое значение рынка вторичных металлов, как потенциального источника экономии ресурсов для материалоемких малых промышленных предприятий. В качестве источников использовалась учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, результаты исследований автора. В магистерской диссертации была разработана методика обеспечения малых промышленных предприятий ломом цветных металлов, в основу которой положен учет специфики хозяйственной деятельности, возможностей производства, оценки поставщиков и факторе времени, что позволяет снизить затраты на основные материалы, а также сосредоточить внимание на возможных точках развития вертикальной (обратной) интеграции, тем самым перейти на качественно новую основу ресурсного обеспечения. / Modern conditions of economic activity, its dynamics make the rationalization of the processes of material and technical support one of the main competitive advantages of economic entities. This provision is especially relevant for material-intensive small enterprises engaged in non-ferrous metallurgy. The aim of the master's thesis is to develop a methodology for providing small industrial enterprises with non-ferrous scrap. The paper analyzes the main production features of small industrial enterprises in the context of the stages of resource provision of enterprises, gives a recommendation for optimizing the resource provision of a small industrial enterprise with non-ferrous scrap. The special importance of the secondary metals market as a potential source of resource saving for material-intensive small industrial enterprises is noted. Educational-methodical and research literature, the results of the author's research were used as sources. In the master's thesis, a methodology was developed for providing small industrial enterprises with non-ferrous scrap, which is based on taking into account the specifics of economic activity, production capabilities, assessing suppliers and the time factor, which allows reducing the cost of basic materials, as well as focusing on possible points of development of vertical (reverse) integration, thereby moving to a qualitatively new basis of resource provision.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt Aspekte der Verschlackung von MgO in sekundärmetall-urgischen Schlacken. Mittels FactSage© wird eine Berechnung der Löslichkeit von MgO in Kalksilikat- und Kalkaluminatschlacke bei 1600, 1650 und 1700°C durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden leicht handhab- und ablesbar dargestellt. Die Verschlackung eines porösen MgO-Probekörpers in einer an MgO ungesättigten und an MgO gesättigten Kalkaluminat-schlacke wird bei 1600°C thermogravimetrisch verfolgt. Der Verschlackungsvorgang wird maßgeblich durch die Mechanismen der Teilchendesintegration und Ostwald-Reifung in der infiltrierten Mikrostruktur beeinflusst. Das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Zerfall und Auflösung wird nach einem Modell von W. Gans an feuerfestes Material (MgO) angepasst und modelliert. Der Einfluss von Teilchendesintegration und Ostwald-Reifung auf den voreilenden Verschleiß im 3-Phasenkontakt (Marangoni-Konvektion) wird quantifiziert. Ferner wird ein einfaches Modell zur Abschätzung des voreilenden Verschleißes dargelegt.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt Aspekte der Verschlackung von MgO in sekundärmetall-urgischen Schlacken. Mittels FactSage© wird eine Berechnung der Löslichkeit von MgO in Kalksilikat- und Kalkaluminatschlacke bei 1600, 1650 und 1700°C durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden leicht handhab- und ablesbar dargestellt. Die Verschlackung eines porösen MgO-Probekörpers in einer an MgO ungesättigten und an MgO gesättigten Kalkaluminat-schlacke wird bei 1600°C thermogravimetrisch verfolgt. Der Verschlackungsvorgang wird maßgeblich durch die Mechanismen der Teilchendesintegration und Ostwald-Reifung in der infiltrierten Mikrostruktur beeinflusst. Das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Zerfall und Auflösung wird nach einem Modell von W. Gans an feuerfestes Material (MgO) angepasst und modelliert. Der Einfluss von Teilchendesintegration und Ostwald-Reifung auf den voreilenden Verschleiß im 3-Phasenkontakt (Marangoni-Konvektion) wird quantifiziert. Ferner wird ein einfaches Modell zur Abschätzung des voreilenden Verschleißes dargelegt.

This paper discusses different alternatives of more efficient preparation of spheroided graphite cast iron production. Secondary metallurgy and chemical heating technology are used to recast cast iron fused in copula furnace. The work applies the known physical-chemical rules used in the production of quality spheroided graphite cast iron in regular production conditions. Based on the previous developments, the aim was to prepare implementation of verified secondary metallurgy processes in adjusted casting ladle. The casting ladle was adjusted in order to allow execution of all processes required in order for the relevant standards and material lists requirements to be met in respect to spheroided graphite cast iron quality. Comments regarding the trends in ferroalloy metallurgy and related marketing approach of the company. The work is concluded by a summary of advantages brought in by the new approaches compared to the traditional ones from the economical as well as environmental perspective.