Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka de regelverk som berör svenskflaggade passagerarfartyg i internationell trafik gällande berusade passagerare och hur regelverken implementerats i fartygens säkerhetsorganisationer. Syftet har också varit att lyfta fram hur säkerhetsorganisationerna ombord arbetar med att ta hand om berusade passagerare. En kvalitativ ansats har använts för att analysera relevanta regelverk. Den analysen har sedan legat till grund för intervjuer som har genomförts med säkerhetsansvariga på rederier och ombord på fartyg. En person som representerar Polismyndigheten har också intervjuats. Resultatet visar att en del lagstiftningar upplevs som föråldrade. Alkohollagen upplevs ha brister då den inte täcker in svenskflaggade fartyg i internationell trafik. Resultaten visar också att säkerhetsorganisationerna ombord ser olika ut på olika fartyg. Det kan konstateras att säkerheten för berusade passagerare varierar beroende på vilket fartyg de är ombord på.

This thesis focuses on the relationship between the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) economies and global climate change mitigation policies with a view to determining the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC member states. The successful implementation of a universally adopted climate regime has been marred with controversies as different interest groups have raised their concerns about all the options presented so far. OPEC as the major crude oil exporting group in the world has been in the forefront of these debates and negotiations. OPEC’s major concern is the envisaged adverse impacts of the industrialised countries carbon reductions on its members' economies. Several studies have shown that when industrialised countries adopt carbon dioxide emissions reduction policies in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, such as carbon taxes and energy efficiency strategies, OPEC’s net price of crude oil decreases at the same time as a reduction in the quantity of crude oil products sold. OPEC believes that such climate change policy-induced fall in crude oil exports revenues would have a significant negative effect on its members' economies. With the limitations related to the assumptions of the existing energy economy models on the impacts of climate change mitigation policies on OPEC’s economies (Barnett et al, 2004), this study opts for a risk based model. This model quantifies the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC members with special interest on crude oil. This study also investigates the effects of carbon reduction policies on crude oil prices vis-à-vis the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC’s economies. To address these three main issues, this thesis adopts a three-prong approach. The first paper addresses the impacts of climate change mitigation on crude oil prices using a dynamic panel model. Results from the estimated dynamic panel model show that the relationship between crude oil prices and climate change mitigation is positive. The results also indicate that a 1% change in carbon intensity causes a 1.6% and 8.4% changes in crude oil prices in the short run and long run, respectively. The second paper focuses on the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC economies using a panel vector auto regression (VAR) approach, highlighting the exposure of OPEC members to the volatile crude oil prices. The findings from the panel VAR model show that the relationship between OPEC members’ economic growth and crude oil prices is positive and economic growth in OPEC member states respond positively and significantly to a 10% deviation in crude oil prices by 1.4% in the short run and 1.7% in the long run. The third paper creates an index of the risks OPEC members face when there is a decline in the demand for their crude oil exports. To show these risks, this study develops two indexes to show the country level risks and the contributions to the OPEC-wide risks exposure. The results from the indexes show that OPEC members that are more dependent on crude oil exports are faced with more energy exports demand risks. The findings from this thesis are relevant for the development of a new OPEC energy policy that should accommodate the realities of a sustainable global climate regime. They are also useful to the respective governments of the countries that are members of OPEC and non-OPEC crude oil exporting countries. Finally, the outcomes of this thesis also contribute to the climate change and energy economics literature, especially for academic and subsequent research purposes.

La gestión de demanda en las organizaciones es de vital importancia para una gestión adecuada de los recursos y generar beneficios. Entre los beneficios que genera este modelo, se pueden evidenciar el ahorro en costos que pudieron haber incurrido por no tener una gestión adecuada, en el alineamiento de los proyectos de TI a los objetivos estratégicos y la generación de valor para la organización. El presente trabajo de investigación propone implementar la metodología “Gestión de la Demanda Estratégica de la TI” (GEDESTI)” por Igor Aguilar, para la gestión de la demanda estratégica de organizaciones de previsionamiento. En el primer capítulo, se presenta el marco teórico donde se describen los sistemas de previsión actuales a nivel internacional y nacional, así como los marcos de referencia de los modelos de madurez de la gestión de demanda estratégica. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta la situación problemática de la organización. Se describe la organización previsional y se detallan los problemas encontrados que tienen un impacto económico y de imagen organizacional. En el tercer capítulo, se presenta la propuesta de solución. En este punto se detalla el nivel de madurez actual de la organización y el nivel de madurez al cual se pretende llegar. Se propone un modelo de procesos para la gestión de la demanda adecuado a la metodología, además de las herramientas, roles y responsabilidades, costo beneficio y viabilidad que forman parte de la propuesta presentada. En el cuarto capítulo, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se deprenden del trabajo de investigación trabajados en la presente tesis. / The demand's management plays a vital role for proper resources direction and generating benefits. Among the benefits generated by this model, can be evidenced the cost savings that may have been incurred from not having adequate management, in the alignment of IT projects with strategic objectives and the value generation for the organization. The current research proposes the methodology implementation "IT Strategic Demand's Management" (GEDESTI) by Igor Aguilar, for strategic demand's management of pension system. The first chapter is presented theoretical framework where the current forecasting systems are described at the international and national level, as well as the reference frameworks for the maturity models of strategic demand management. The second chapter is presented the organization's problematic situation. It describes the pension system and details the problems encountered that have an economic and organizational image impact. The third chapter is presented the proposed solution. At this point, the current organization's maturity level and the maturity level at which it is intended to reach are detailed. A process model is proposed for appropriate demand management to the methodology, in addition to the tools, roles and responsibilities, cost benefit and viability that are part of the proposal presented. The fourth chapter are presented the conclusions and recommendations derived from the research work carried out in this thesis. / Trabajo de investigación

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