<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate if physical training on swissball could minimize the pain in back and neck. Two employers where interviewed about physical training and health, to see if their labourers needed physical training. Twelve labourers with sedentary work participated in the study for six weeks. Half group of twelve where active during the same period while other half where inactive. Twelve VAS-scale handled out before and after exercise to give a result. The result show that the majority of active persons got less pain in back and neck after physical exercise on swissball. The majority of inactive persons got more pain.</p>

Current trends in industry are leaning towards specialized production systems and sedentary computer work tasks that are associated with low and less varying mechanical exposures. It has been suggested that physical variation is an effective intervention to reduce local fatigue and potentially musculoskeletal disorders. However, little is known in how the differences between physical variation patterns affect physiological and psychophysical responses. The general purpose of this thesis was to explore the biophysical effects of varying force amplitudes using forces, cycle times, and duty cycles that are relevant to occupation and longer-term health outcomes. Fifteen healthy males performed an elbow extensor sustained isometric exertion at 15% Maximum Voluntary Force (MVF), an intermittent contraction between 0% MVF and 30% MVF (On/Off), an intermittent contraction between 7.5% MVF and 22.5% MVF (MinMax), an intermittent contraction between 1% MVF and 29% MVF (1 Percent), and a sinusoidal contraction between 0% and 30% MVF (Sinusoidal). Eight commonly used measurement tools recorded biophysical responses as participants performed each condition for up to 60 minutes or until exhaustion, during 60 minutes recovery, and at 24 hours post-exercise. Measures included electromyography of the triceps muscles, mechanomyography, blood flow, heart rate, stimulated tetani and twitch responses, maximum exertions, and perceived exertion. The rate of response during exercise and comparisons between baseline, cessation, and recovery values were used to assess fatigue responses. This research shows that implementing physical variation, at the same mean amplitude, may provide reduced fatigue rate and that the magnitude and shape of the intermittent force variations affect exercise and recovery measures. Time varying forces may therefore provide the necessary mechanism to encourage beneficial physiological responses that would improve long-term health and well being of workers at low-load jobs.

Current trends in industry are leaning towards specialized production systems and sedentary computer work tasks that are associated with low and less varying mechanical exposures. It has been suggested that physical variation is an effective intervention to reduce local fatigue and potentially musculoskeletal disorders. However, little is known in how the differences between physical variation patterns affect physiological and psychophysical responses. The general purpose of this thesis was to explore the biophysical effects of varying force amplitudes using forces, cycle times, and duty cycles that are relevant to occupation and longer-term health outcomes. Fifteen healthy males performed an elbow extensor sustained isometric exertion at 15% Maximum Voluntary Force (MVF), an intermittent contraction between 0% MVF and 30% MVF (On/Off), an intermittent contraction between 7.5% MVF and 22.5% MVF (MinMax), an intermittent contraction between 1% MVF and 29% MVF (1 Percent), and a sinusoidal contraction between 0% and 30% MVF (Sinusoidal). Eight commonly used measurement tools recorded biophysical responses as participants performed each condition for up to 60 minutes or until exhaustion, during 60 minutes recovery, and at 24 hours post-exercise. Measures included electromyography of the triceps muscles, mechanomyography, blood flow, heart rate, stimulated tetani and twitch responses, maximum exertions, and perceived exertion. The rate of response during exercise and comparisons between baseline, cessation, and recovery values were used to assess fatigue responses. This research shows that implementing physical variation, at the same mean amplitude, may provide reduced fatigue rate and that the magnitude and shape of the intermittent force variations affect exercise and recovery measures. Time varying forces may therefore provide the necessary mechanism to encourage beneficial physiological responses that would improve long-term health and well being of workers at low-load jobs.

<p>This study aimed at identifying the factors contributing towards work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff, its impact on everyday life activities and in turn its prevalence. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used amongst the administrative staff at the University of The Western Cape, South Africa. Data collection was carried out with the help of a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher in person. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and SAS for windows. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was done. The results of this study revealed a very high prevalence of work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff. </p>

<p>This study aimed at identifying the factors contributing towards work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff, its impact on everyday life activities and in turn its prevalence. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used amongst the administrative staff at the University of The Western Cape, South Africa. Data collection was carried out with the help of a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher in person. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and SAS for windows. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was done. The results of this study revealed a very high prevalence of work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff. </p>

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / This study aimed at identifying the factors contributing towards work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff, its impact on everyday life activities and in turn its prevalence. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used amongst the administrative staff at the University of The Western Cape, South Africa. Data collection was carried out with the help of a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher in person. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and SAS for windows. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was done. The results of this study revealed a very high prevalence of work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff. / South Africa

The current epidemic of overweight and obesity has been partly credited to a growing trend for snacking and sedentary work behaviors. The purpose of this quantitative, cross-sectional survey was to investigate whether the difference between snack food reinforcement during work and non-work hours and work food motives predicted BMI among U. S. office workers. This study was based on the theoretical framework of the individual differences theory, in the context of the behavioral choice theory and reinforcement theory. The independent variables were food reinforcement and food motives; the dependent variable was BMI. Descriptive, correlational, and exploratory analyses were used. The survey was administered to a sample of 100 adult male and female office workers using SurveyMonkey. The results of the study determined that there was a statistically significant difference in food reinforcement during work hours versus non-work hours; however, only change in intensity was a statistically significant predictor for the workers' BMI class scores (p < .05). Moreover, during work-hours, office workers were willing to exert more effort (pay more) to obtain these snack foods than during non-work hours. An increase in work intensity was associated with an increase in the odds of being obese, with an odds ratio of 1.050 (95% C.I. [1.016, 1.084]). Food motives were not associated with BMI class scores (p < .05). These analyses have provided support for the hypotheses that food reinforcement is greater during work hours among office workers. As a result, they have significant positive social change implications which include relative policy changes within companies, tailoring the workplace environment to meet individual needs, providing healthier snack food choices, and increasing prices on high energy-dense foods. The workplace environment can provide opportunities for dietary, physical and worksite environmental change as well as individual behavior changes. It is important to continue to investigate how the workplace food environment may influence energy intake and weight-related behaviors to create awareness among this population. The more individuals and organizations know about these environmental food-related behaviors, the more opportunity they may have to take action in mitigating risk for weight gain during work and non-work hours.

Office work usually involves prolonged sedentary behavior and health risks. The purpose of the present study was to investigate office workers' views on physical activity and how they believe their employers should work to reduce sedentary behavior. Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Determination Theory were used as the theoretical framework. Seven qualitative interviews were conducted with office workers at a company in northern Sweden. The company has a strong culture of exercise and training as well as several health-promoting activities. Last year, a health survey indicated that many employees had back and neck problems. An inductive thematic analysis of the interviews showed that physical activity and movement are perceived as important for both physical and mental health. Factors such as habits and norms can constitute an obstacle to movement during the working day. If health interventions from the employer to counteract long periods of sitting are to be successful, they should be autonomous, performed jointly and easy to accomplish.