The main objective of this research was to create a two dimensional and three dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model using Aberdeen Pool of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway for the purpose of determining the differences in their ability to address sediment transport. These objectives were reached in the results with comparisons of water levels, sediment concentrations, shear stress, and bed change. The models produced very similar results for the majority of the sediment transport throughout both models with the overall trend being deposition except in the upper limits of the Tombigbee River. The main differences between the two models are produced from the 2D model being depth averaged and the 3D being able to transport sediment vertically. The results show the 2D model tends to erode less and deposit more whereas the 3D model tends to follow the same pattern except for less deposition with more erosion.

Yes / Tailing dams are commonly used to safely store tailings without damaging the environment. Sand tailings (also called Sediment tailings) usually have a high water content and hence undergo consolidation during their placement. As the sediment tailings are usually placed above the ground water level, the degree of saturation and permeability of the sediment tailing is associated with the unsaturated condition due to the presence of negative pore-water pressure or suction. Current practices normally focus on the analyses saturated conditions. However, this consolidation process requires the flow of water between saturated and unsaturated zones to be considered. The objective of this study is to investigate the stability and consolidation of sediment tailings for the construction of road pillars considering the water flow between saturated and unsaturated zones. The scope of this study includes the unsaturated laboratory testing of sediments and numerical analyses of the road pillar. The results show that the analyses based on saturated conditions overestimate the time required to achieve a 90% degree of consolidation. The incorporation of the unsaturated soil properties is able to optimize the design of slopes for road pillars into steeper slope angles.

<p> Sediment samples were taken from the exposed facies of two quarries north of Burford Ontario. The samples were then dry sieved and the results were plotted as frequency histograms to show the type and quantity of sediment present. Moreover, measurements of soil tongues, sand lenses and strata depths were recorded to provide a comprehensive understanding of the depositional history and processes.</p> <p> The above research was then combined with the present day comprehension of the depositional history of southern Ontario. The conclusions reached in this paper are useful, as they contribute and improve the understanding of the depositional history of southern Ontario.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

The purpose of this work is to create a sediment budget template (SBT) with Aberdeen Pool on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway as the demonstration site. The first task is to define the sediment behavior for the system in question. USGS data are used for sediment concentrations and flows. The USGS data are the basis for the Power Curve Program which defines the sediment behavior in terms of a power function. The second program, Tier 1 Program, uses the power curve coefficients along with the bankfull discharge to define the sediment fluxes. Thirdly, the Tier 2 Program uses power curve coefficients with daily flows to calculate daily sediment flux which are integrated over each year to calculate the yearly fluxes. From the sediment fluxes, a mass balance equation is implemented to estimate total deposition. Lastly, the computer program SIAM is used to estimate deposition amount. Comparison among the three different methods provides a best estimate of the final depositional approximation.

The purpose of this work, which is designed for the Port of Pascagoula, is to locate sedimentation problems, identify sediment characteristics, and devise a method to decrease the port’s dredging costs. In order to understand what sediment problems are typical of the Port of Pascagoula the characteristics that are associated with sediment transportation in the port’s harbors are examined. This examination consists of a field investigation followed by an extensive evaluation of the data. Once the characteristics that are unique to the harbors are identified, potential solutions are examined. These potential solutions are evaluated until a feasible and efficient plan is devised to reduce the ports dependency on dredging. Recommendations include agitation, a fluid mud trap, and the practice of active nautical depth. Each of these solutions would allow the port to reduce its dredge costs.

Sediment is a leading contributor to nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in streams and rivers. Sources and sinks of sediment movement were identified for a 121-hectare watershed located in Webster County, Mississippi in order to evaluate the impact of forest harvesting on water quality and sedimentation rates. In a completely randomized design containing three replications of two treatments (unharvested vs. harvested) and two slopes (≤9% vs. >9%), twelve sub-watersheds were randomly selected for intensive measurement of the sources and sinks of sediment after precipitation events. In-stream, bank and forest road sediment movement were also monitored pre- and post-harvest. Total suspended sediment (TSS) in runoff from forest roads ranged from 36-188 g/L with a consistent trend of decreasing sediment concentrations with increasing distance from the road. Within the watershed, erosional processes dominated however there was little net change in soil elevation one year post-harvest.

No description available.

No description available.

The relative sensitivities of four benthic invertebrates (𝘏𝘺𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘢𝘻𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘢, 𝘊𝘩𝘪𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘰𝘮𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘶𝘴, 𝘏𝘦𝘹𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘢 spp., and 𝘛𝘶𝘣𝘪𝘧𝘦𝘹 𝘵𝘶𝘣𝘪𝘧𝘦𝘹) were determined separately for cadmium, copper, and nickel in 96-hour water-only and in spiked sediment exposures. Survival (LC25's and LC5O's), growth and reproduction (IC25's) endpoints were compared amongst the four species. In the water-only tests, 𝘏. 𝘢𝘻𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘢 is the most sensitive species to cadmium and nickel, with mean LC5O's of 0.013 and 3.6 mg/L respectively, and 𝘊. 𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘶𝘴 is the most sensitive species to copper, with a mean LC5O of 0.043 mg/L. In the spiked sediment exposures, 𝘏𝘦𝘹𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘢 spp. is most sensitive species to copper with a mean LC5O in sediment of 93 μg/g and a mean IC25 of 38 μg/g, and 𝘏. 𝘢𝘻𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘢 is most sensitive species to cadmium and nickel, with mean LC5O's of 33 and 67 μg/g respectively and mean IC25's of 10 and 40 μg/g respectively. Overall, 𝘛. 𝘵𝘶𝘣𝘪𝘧𝘦𝘹 is the least sensitive species to all metals tested, and the number of young produced/adult is the most sensitive of the reproduction endpoints for 𝘛. 𝘵𝘶𝘣𝘪𝘧𝘦𝘹. The relative sensitivities reveal that two endpoints, 𝘊𝘩𝘪𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘰𝘮𝘶𝘴 and 𝘏𝘦𝘹𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘢 survival, can be used to possibly distinguish between cadmium, copper, and nickel metal toxicity. Species test responses in field-collected sediments from areas contaminated primarily by the above mentioned metals were compared to the determined sensitivities in order to establish the causative agent of toxicity. Sediment toxicity was categorized first by comparing species responses to those established for a reference database. Responses in the field sediment support suspected toxicant in some cases, but not others. Multivariate analyses were used to assess sediment toxicity in the field sites based on the species responses, and these analyses reveal that the test endpoints respond to different environmental variables in ordination space. A comparison of test responses in the field sites to those in reference sites in ordination space reveals 13 of the 15 field-collected sites to be toxic or severely toxic. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Bottom sediment (0 -5 cm) along the Banjir Kanal Barat (Garang River) and Babon Rivers which are situated in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia were analyzed for their trace/heavy metals content Eight elements namely Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb ), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Manganese (Mn) were investigated. Their concentrations provide information related to the industrial and municipal discharge. There are serious concerns about the contamination in the study area, and previous studies found some elevated concentration of several metals (trace elements). Total metal analyses of the fine (< 63 μm) sediment fraction by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using strong acid digestion indicated high (Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn) metal contamination. Weak acid digestion of total sediments (whole fraction) showed relatively low Cd to moderately (Cu, Cr, and Pb) levels. High Iron concentration was detected using X-RF Fluorescence. The result of trace/heavy metal and sediment characteristic analyses were statistically processed by Spearman's Rank Correlation analyses. In the Babon River, weak acid digestion results found a strong correlation between organic carbon and Chromium. Sediment characteristics, particularly in terms of organic carbon, appeared to be the primary factor controlling metal concentration. In Babon River, strong acid digestion showed that most metals were highly correlated with Mn (𝘱 < 0.05) , except Zn. In Banjir Kanal Barat River, weak acid digestion results show that Copper (Cu) was highly correlated with organic carbon. From strong acid digestion results significant relationship was found between Zn and Mn (𝘱 < 0.05) . Analyses of surficial sediment in Banjir Kanal Barat River demonstrate very little significant correlation between metals and sediment characteristics. This condition probably reflected the diverse nature of metal input into the system, either originated from point or non-point sources. However, statistical (t-test) analyses suggested that there were contamination of Ni, Cu, and Zn in both rivers. Most of these values exceeded the Canadian Standard/Guidelines for contaminated soils and sediments. In addition, t-test result also showed different levels of contamination between Banjir Kanal Barat and Babon Rivers. Mean values indicated higher contamination in Banjir Kanal Barat River compared to Babon river. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)