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El río Colorado se ubica en la parte Norte de la Patagonia argentina y atraviesa con dirección Oestenoroeste - Sur-sureste un sector del país de condición árida y semiárida ubicado entre la Cordillera de los Andes y el océano Atlántico, con un recorrido cercano a los 1.000 km. Esta tesis doctoral aborda el estudio de las características hidrológicas y el estudio específico de las variaciones en el diseño de drenaje de un tramo testigo ubicado en un área predeterminada por su cartografía secuencial y fiable en relación con las posibles variaciones hidrogeomorfológicas. Dentro de la problemática general que presenta el río Colorado, se tuvo en cuenta la función del río Curacó, último tramo de la gran cuenca Desa-guadero Salado Chadileuvú, a la que le da carácter de exorreica. Las periódicas activaciones del Curacó crean serios problemas de salinidad en las cuencas media y baja del Colora-do, parcialmente mitigados en la actualidad por la represa Casa de Piedra. El levantamiento del dique Casa de Piedra, sobre la parte final del alto valle, alteró drásticamente el comportamiento del río en cuanto al arrastre de sólidos. Por acción de su gran embalse se produce la deposición del mate-rial trasportado en suspensión, dándole una nueva condición física -y en parte también química- a las aguas emergentes del dique, que han dejado en el lago las arcillas y el limo que trasportaban. Esos materiales, antes de existir el dique, se depositaban aguas abajo e impermeabilizaban naturalmente los canales en las áreas de regadío de los valles medio e infe-rior. El agua que vierte Casa de Piedra, casi carente de sedi-mento, tiene una capacidad erosiva mayor que la que fluye antes del embalse; esa condición permite reducir el tiempo de formación de meandros con respecto a sectores de aguas arriba de la presa. Esas condiciones han generado también el fenómeno conocido como aguas claras. El estudio ordena en el tiempo y el espacio las variaciones de curvas y meandros del tramo testigo, cuantificándolas. Aunque también se han visto alteradas las curvas de caudal y salinidad es en el gasto sólido donde el dique Casa de Piedra ha provocado los cambios más visibles y fundamentales en el ser y quehacer del río. La curva resultante de los nuevos valores refleja la situa-ción con respecto a la anterior y marca una fuerte disminu-ción en el acarreo. Esta tesis es además un aporte a poste-riores investigaciones interdisciplinarias, especialmente en el campo de la hidráulica y la geomorfología fluvial, dos disci-plinas bajo las cuales el río Colorado ofrece un amplio campo de estudios. El trabajo detecta, determina y cuantifica los cambios físicos y humanos generados por la presencia del dique, algunos ya evidentes y otros en trance de serlo. / The construction of Casa de Piedra dam, in the final stretch of Colorado river high valley, radically modified down waters the hydrologic river course, specially as regards sediment transport, the majority of which settles in the lake. Conse-quently, waters the dam distributes, contain a remarkable erosive capacity, and accelerate down waters hydrographic processes, increasing river meandering and bringing about what is known as the clear waters phenomenon causing adverse effects on watering zones. With the purpose of checking the fact in a quantitative way, cartographies from a certain stretch were taken, being this stretch considered a witness one in periods around 25 years, assessing meanders appearance and disappearance, and comparing these quantities with the variation -in the same sense-, that took place since Casa de Piedra start up. The quantities were sig-nificant considering the relatively short time gone by. The fact was checked in a new aero - photographic flight, according to which, in a shorter lapse, meanders number increased again in the witness stretch.

Thesis. 1975. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences. / Bibliography: leaves 36-37. / M.S.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 313-331. / Ph.D.

Bedload transport is a complicated phenomenon in gravel-bed streams. Several factors account for this complication, including the different hydrologic regime under which different stream types operate and the wide range of particle sizes of channel bed material. Based on the hydrologic regime, there are two common types of gravel-bed streams: perennial and ephemeral. In terms of channel bed material, a gravel bed may have either unimodal or bimodal sediment. This study examines more closely some aspects of bedload transport in gravel-bed streams and proposes explanations based on fluvial mechanics. First, a comparison between perennial and ephemeral gravel-bed streams is conducted. This comparison demonstrates that under a wide range of Shields stresses, the trends exhibited by the bedload transport data of the two stream types collapse into one continuous curve, thus a unified approach is warranted. Second, an empirical bedload transport relation that accounts for the variation in the make-up of the surface material within a wide range of Shields stresses is developed. The accuracy of the relation is tested using available bedload transport data from streams with unimodal sediment. The relation is also compared against other formulae available in the literature that are commonly used for predicting bedload transport in gravel-bed streams. Third, an approach is proposed for transforming the bimodal sediment into two independent unimodal fractions, one for sand and another for gravel. This transformation makes it possible to carry out two separate computations of bedload transport rate using the bedload relation developed in this study for unimodal sediment. The total bedload transport rate is estimated by adding together the two contributions. / Ph. D.

Tsunami is one of the most dangerous natural hazards in the coastal zone worldwide. Large tsunamis are relatively infrequent. Deposits are the only concrete evidence in the geological record with which we can determine both tsunami frequency and magnitude. Numerical modeling of sediment transport during a tsunami is important interdisciplinary research to estimate the frequency and magnitude of past events and quantitative prediction of future events. The goal of this dissertation is to develop robust, accurate, and computationally efficient models for sediment transport during a tsunami. There are two different modeling approaches (forward and inverse) to investigate sediment transport. A forward model consists of tsunami source, hydrodynamics, and sediment transport model. In this dissertation, we present one state-of-the-art forward model for Sediment TRansport In Coastal Hazard Events (STRICHE), which couples with GeoClaw and is referred to as GeoClaw-STRICHE. In an inverse model, deposit characteristics, such as grain-size distribution and thickness, are inputs to the model, and flow characteristics are outputs. We also depict one trial-and-error inverse model (TSUFLIND) and one data assimilation inverse model (TSUFLIND-EnKF) in this dissertation. All three models were validated and verified against several theoretical, experimental, and field cases. / Ph. D.

In the last few centuries, many streams in the eastern United States have been severely disturbed by land use change and are now disconnected from their original floodplain due to the aggradation of legacy sediment. Currently, stream-floodplain reconnection is advocated as a stream restoration practice to take advantage of ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to compare two current stream restoration approaches for their nutrient flushing ability: 1) a conventional approach leaves legacy sediment on the floodplain; and 2) an ecological approach that involves removing the accumulated legacy sediment in order to restore the original floodplain surface wetland, revealing a buried A soil horizon. Soil cores were taken from the surficial legacy sediment layer and the buried A soil horizon in the floodplain of a 550-meter reach of Stroubles Creek in the Valley and Ridge province near Blacksburg, VA, to evaluate potential for flushable DOC, TDN, NO3-, NH4+, and SRP content. In addition, an inundation model was developed to evaluate the extent of flooding under the two restoration scenarios. The inundation model results and nutrient flushability levels were then used to simulate the release of nutrients as a function of stream restoration approach. Results indicate that the buried A horizon contained less flushable nutrients, but the ecological restoration would have a higher frequency of inundation that allows for more flushable nutrient release at the annual scale. Understanding the nutrient release potential from the floodplain will provide the ability to estimate net nutrient retention in different stream-floodplain reconnection strategies. / Master of Science

As the world's population shifts toward living in cities, urbanization and its deleterious effects on the environment are a cause of increasing concern. The hyporheic zone is an important part of stream ecosystems, and here we focus on the effect of urbanization on the hyporheic zone from ten first-to-second-order streams within the Virginia Piedmont. We use sediment hydraulic conductivity and stream geomorphic complexity (vertical undulation of thalweg, channel sinuosity) as metrics of the potential for hyporheic exchange (hyporheic potential). Our results include bivariate plots that relate urbanization (e.g., total percent impervious) with hyporheic potential at several spatial scales. For example, at the watershed level, we observed a decrease in horizontal hydraulic conductivity with urbanization and an increase in vertical hydraulic conductivity, which ultimately results in a negligible trend from conflicting processes. Vertical geomorphic complexity increased with total percent impervious cover. This trend was somewhat unexpected and may be due to erosion of legacy sediment in stream banks. At the reach level, hydraulic conductivity increased and sinuosity decreased as the riparian buffer width increased; these trends are weak and are essentially negligible. The hydraulic conductivity results conform to expected trends and are a product of aforementioned concomitant processes. Our results emphasize the complexity of hydrologic and geomorphic processes occurring in urban stream systems at multiple scales. Overall, the watershed level effects enhancing hyporheic exchange, which is contrary to expectations. Given the importance of hyporheic exchange to stream function, further study is warranted to better understand the effects of urbanization. / Master of Science