Är poliser mer spänningssökande än andra? Det är frågan som ligger till grund för studien där syftet är att jämföra poliser med lärare i vilken utsträckning de söker spänning. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av ett frågeformulär bestående av 28 påståenden som kommer ifrån redan vedertagna skalor. Dessa är Eysenck Personality Inventory och Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale. 62 personer deltog i studienvarav hälften var lärare och hälften poliser. Poliserna fick signifikant högre poäng än lärarna på de påståenden som handlade om att ta risker och fatta snabba beslut. Lärarna fick i sin tur signifikant högre poäng på de påståenden som handlar om impulsivitet gällande resor. Den slutsats man kan dra av denna studie är att poliser söker sig till arbeten som i sig innebär mer spänning medan lärare i större utsträckning söker spänning utanför arbetet.

Two different types of games are used to measure subjects¡¦ attitudes towards risk and ambiguity in this paper. In GAME 1, subjects are provided with a series of binary choices and a fill-in question for every set of tasks. In GAME 2, subjects are asked to play an auction game. Gains and losses stimulate subjects¡¦ different attitudes toward risk. It also happens when we measure subjects¡¦ attitude toward ambiguity. However, the results of Game 1 and Game 2 lack strong correlation with each other. While answering the series of binary choices in Game 1, subjects are risk averse/ambiguity averse over gains, and risk seeking/ambiguity seeking over losses. While answering the fill-in question in Game 1, subjects are risk neutral/ambiguity neutral over gains, and risk seeking/ambiguity seeking over losses. In GAME 2, we measure the attitude toward risk or attitude by the deviation from the case of neutrality or by risk indexes/ambiguity indexes. Analyzing the deviation, we conclude: (1) In the gains domain with high average probabilities to win, subjects are risk averse/ambiguity averse, but in the case of low average probabilities to win, subjects are risk seeking/ambiguity seeking. On the other hand, in the losses domain with high average probabilities to loss, subjects are risk seeking/ambiguity seeking, but when with low average probabilities to loss, subjects are risk aversion/ambiguity aversion. (2) The correlation between the attitudes toward risk and ambiguity gains is significantly greater than that over losses. (3) In the gains domain, the level of ambiguity aversion of subjects significantly increases with the ambiguous ranges of games. However, in the losses domain, the relation between those two is weak or non-significant. Analyzing the data with the risk indexes and the ambiguity indexes, we have two conclusions identical to the above. However, in the gains domain, the level of ambiguity aversion of subjects significantly increases with the ambiguity range of the games while we have the opposite result in the losses domain.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 136 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-75).

This study investigates the use of criteria to assess relevant, partially relevant and not relevant documents. Each study participant identified passages within 20 document representations that were used in making relevance judgments, judged each document representation as a whole to be relevant, partially relevant or not relevant to their information need, and explained their decisions in an interview. Analysis revealed 29 criteria, discussed positively and negatively, used by the participants when selecting passages that contributed or detracted from a document's relevance. These criteria can be grouped into 6 categories: author, abstract, content, full text, journal or publisher and personal. Results indicate that multiple criteria are used when making relevant, partially relevant and not relevant judgments. Additionally, most criteria can have both a positive or negative contribution to the relevance of a document. The criteria most frequently mentioned by study participants in this study was content, followed by criteria concerning the full text document. These findings may have implications for relevance feedback in information retrieval systems, suggesting that users give relevance feedback using multiple criteria and indicate positive and negative criteria contributions. Systems designers may want to focus on supporting content criteria followed by full text criteria as this may provide the greatest cost benefit.

Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of Arizona / This paper presents a framework for knowledge discovery and concept exploration. In order to enhance the concept exploration capability of knowledge-based systems and to alleviate the limitations of the manual browsing approach, we have developed two spreading activation-based algorithms for concept exploration in large, heterogeneous networks of concepts (e.g., multiple thesauri). One algorithm, which is based on the symbolic Al paradigm, performs a conventional branch-and-bound search on a semantic net representation to identify other highly relevant concepts (a serial, optimal search process). The second algorithm, which is based on the neural network approach, executes the Hopfield net parallel relaxation and convergence process to identify â convergentâ concepts for some initial queries (a parallel, heuristic search process). Both algorithms can be adopted for automatic, multiple-thesauri consultation. We tested these two algorithms on a large text-based knowledge network of about 13,000 nodes (terms) and 80,000 directed links in the area of computing technologies. This knowledge network was created from two external thesauri and one automatically generated thesaurus. We conducted experiments to compare the behaviors and performances of the two algorithms with the hypertext-like browsing process. Our experiment revealed that manual browsing achieved higher-term recall but lower-term precision in comparison to the algorithmic systems. However, it was also a much more laborious and cognitively demanding process. In document retrieval, there were no statistically significant differences in document recall and precision between the algorithms and the manual browsing process. In light of the effort required by the manual browsing process, our proposed algorithmic approach presents a viable option for efficiently traversing largescale, multiple thesauri (knowledge network).

Poster paper / The services that are provided in a library are at various levels and varieties. Library automation services such as computerized OPAC, e-mail based reference service etc., are be-ing provided. Also, Web based services like Web Opac, E-Journals, CD-ROM Collection search, Bibliographical database services such as Engineering village 2, Compendex, Chemi-cal Abstract, Web of science, are being provided.

Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of Arizona / The problems of information overload and vocabulary differences have become more pressing with the emergence of the increasingly popular Internet services. The main information retrieval mechanisms provided by the prevailing Internet WWW software are based on either keyword search or hypertext browsing. Keyword search often results in low precision, poor recall, and slow response time due to the limitations of indexing and communication methods, controlled language based interfaces, and the inability of searchers themselves to articulate their needs fully. Hypertext browsing, on the other hand, allows users to explore only a very small portion of a large Internet information space. A large information space can also potentially confuse and disorient its user and it can cause the user to spend a great deal of time while learning nothing specific. This research aims to provide concept-based categorization and search capabilities for Internet WWW servers based on selected machine learning and parallel computing techniques. Our proposed approach, which is grounded on automatic textual analysis of Internet documents, attempts to address the Internet search problem by first categorizing the content of Internet documents and subsequently providing semantic search capabilities based on a concept space approach. As a first step, we propose a multi-layered neural network clustering algorithm employing the Kohonen self-organizing feature map to categorize the Internet homepages according to their content. The category hierarchies created could serve to partition the vast Internet services into subject-specific categories and databases. After individual subject categories have been created, we propose to generate domain-specific concept spaces for each subject category. The concept spaces can then be used to support concept-based information retrieval, a significant improvement over the existing keyword searching and hypertext browsing options for Internet resource discovery. As Internet information space continues to grow at the present pace, we believe this research would shed light on potentially robust and scalable solutions to the increasingly complex and urgent information access and sharing problems that are certain to emerge in the future Internet society.

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Changes in motivation and goals over the lifespan as posited by Carstensen’s Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (1993) have shown to effect information processing and memory, such that motivation-consistent information is more likely to be remembered and evaluated more positively by young and older adults. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of motivation-consistent mental health information on memory for and evaluations of this information as well as attitudes towards mental health services and intentions to seek these services. An Internet-based sample of 160 younger (18-25) and 175 older adults (60+) were randomly assigned to read a mental health information pamphlet that emphasized motivations relevant to either early adulthood or late adulthood. Participants completed measures assessing memory for and subjective evaluation of the pamphlet, and attitudes towards and intentions to seek mental health services. There was no significant interaction between age group and pamphlet version on any of the variables measured; suggesting that designing and implementing motivation-consistent mental health information for different age groups confers little benefit with respect to information retention, as well as attitudes and intentions toward seeking professional psychological help.

Changes in motivation and goals over the lifespan as posited by Carstensen’s Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (1993) have shown to effect information processing and memory, such that motivation-consistent information is more likely to be remembered and evaluated more positively by young and older adults. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of motivation-consistent mental health information on memory for and evaluations of this information as well as attitudes towards mental health services and intentions to seek these services. An Internet-based sample of 160 younger (18-25) and 175 older adults (60+) were randomly assigned to read a mental health information pamphlet that emphasized motivations relevant to either early adulthood or late adulthood. Participants completed measures assessing memory for and subjective evaluation of the pamphlet, and attitudes towards and intentions to seek mental health services. There was no significant interaction between age group and pamphlet version on any of the variables measured; suggesting that designing and implementing motivation-consistent mental health information for different age groups confers little benefit with respect to information retention, as well as attitudes and intentions toward seeking professional psychological help.