Le système ternaire eau-acide butyrique- pentan-2-ol est utilisé comme système modèle pour l’étude de système plus complexe. Ce système est utilisé pour étudier les couplages diffusifs quand les constituants sont distribués sur plusieurs phases. Ses molécules simples permettent de ne pas mettre en avant les effets stériques dus à de longues chaines carbonées ou entropiques dus à des importantes différences de masse moléculaire. <p>Les couplages de la diffusion avec la solubilité permettent d’observer toute une gamme de phénomènes allant de présence de turbidité ou de gouttelettes au sein de la phase aqueuse jusqu’au maintien de gradient de concentration bien au-delà du temps caractéristique de diffusion. Ces différents phénomènes ont été observés grâce à une expérience où l’on superpose deux phases de liquide, l’une de pentan-2-ol pur et l’autre d’un mélange d’eau et d’acide butyrique.<p>La solubilité du système est déterminée par une méthode RMN. Cette technique permet également d’obtenir les variations de l’environnement intermoléculaire avec la composition de la solution et de mettre en évidence des structures au sein du liquide. <p>Enfin les coefficients de self diffusion a été mesuré par méthode DOSY pour les liquides purs, les mélanges binaires et ternaires.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The thesis presents work regarding amphiphilic molecules associated in aqueous solution or at the liquid/solid interface. Two main topics are included: the temperature-dependent behavior of micelles and the adsorption of dispersants on carbon nanotube (CNT) surfaces. Various NMR methods were used to analyze those systems, such as chemical shift detection, spectral intensity measurements, spin relaxation and, in particular, self-diffusion experiments. Besides this, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was also applied for structural characterization.   A particular form of phase transition, core freezing, was detected as a function of temperature in micelles composed by a single sort of Brij-type surfactants. In mixed micelles, that phase transition still occurs accompanied by a reversible segregation of different surfactants into distinct aggregates. Adding a hydrophobic solubilizate shifts the core freezing point to a lower temperature. Upon lowering the temperature to the core freezing point, the solubilizate is released. The temperature course of the release curves with different initial solubilizate loadings is rationalized in terms of a temperature-dependent loading capacity.   The behavior of amphiphilic dispersant molecules in aqueous dispersions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been investigated with a Pluronic-type block copolymer as frequent model dispersant. Detailed dispersion curves were recorded and the distribution of the dispersant among different available environments was analyzed. The amount of dispersed CNT was shown to be defined by a complex interplay of several factors during the dispersion process such as dispersant concentration, sonication time, centrifugation and CNT loading. In the dispersion process, high amphiphilic concentration is required because the pristine CNT surfaces made available by sonication must be rapidly covered by dispersants to avoid their re-attachment. In the prepared dispersions, the competitive adsorption of possible dispersants was investigated that provided information about the relative strength of the interaction of those with the nanotube surfaces. Anionic surfactants were found to have a strong tendency to replace Pluronics, which indicates a strong binding of those surfactants.   CNTs were dispersed in an epoxy resin to prepare nanotube-polymer composites. The molecular mobility of epoxy was investigated and the results demonstrated the presence of loosely associated CNT aggregates within which the molecular transport of epoxy is slow because of strong attractive intermolecular interactions between epoxy and the CNT surface. The rheological behavior is dominated by aggregate-aggregate jamming. / <p>QC 20180103</p>

The translational self-diffusion, the librations, and the reorientational motions of guest water molecules in the zeolite chabazite are examined by Molecular Dynamics (MD) computer simulations at different temperatures and loadings, including at room temperature, at which the experiments are carried out. Satisfactory agreement is found between the computed and measured translational self-diffusion coefficients. It is, however, furthermore found that the way in which the long-range electrostatic interactions are computed has an effect on the self-diffusion at high loadings and temperatures. The spectral densities of the librational motions of water are found to be similar to those in aqueous salt solutions. The reorientations of the water molecules, on the other hand, are much slower than in the liquids, and very anisotropic. The vector in direction of the molecular dipole moment reorients only very slowly, at the time scale of the simulations, due to the attraction to the almost immobile Ca++-ions and the walls of the zeolite. The other two vectors seem to undergo jump-reorientations rather than reorientations by a diffusion process. Hyper dynamics boost potential method has been applied to the MD simulations to estimate the self-diffusion coefficients of Ca++ ions in dehydrated chabazite. Because of our system is very complicated, the self-diffusion of Ca++ ions can only be roughly estimated. The Ca++ ions diffusion is small enough to confirm that the cation motion can be neglected in the normal MD simulation.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der kollektiven Diffusion von Wasser und Ionen in wässrigen Elektrolytlösungen. Dabei wird insbesondere die Dynamik der Wassermoleküle innerhalb der Hydratationshüllen der Ionen und der Einfluss poröser Materialien untersucht. Nach einer Einführung zur Dynamik der Hydratationshülle folgen Grundlagen der NMR-Diffusometrie, welche genutzt wurde um die Selbstdiffusionskoefifizienten der Wassermoleküle und der Ionen der Lösungen zu messen. Daraus wurden die dynamischen Hydratationszahlen der Ionen bestimmt, welche die Anzahl an Wassermolekülen angeben, die durch die Diffusion des Ions in ihrer translatorischen Bewegung beeinflusst sind. Der Einfluss poröser Materialien auf die Dynamik wird am Beispiel nanoporöser Glasmonolithe und mikroporöser Li-LSX Kristalle untersucht.

Understanding molecular and ion dynamics in soft materials used for fuel cell, battery, and drug delivery vehicle applications on multiple time and length scales provides critical information for the development of next generation materials. In this dissertation, new insights into transport and kinetic processes such as diffusion coefficients, translational activation energies (Ea), and rate constants for molecular exchange, as well as how these processes depend on material chemistry and morphology are shown. This dissertation also aims to serve as a guide for material scientists wanting to expand their research capabilities via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. By employing variable temperature pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) NMR diffusometry, which can probe molecular transport over nm – μm length scales, I first explore transport and morphology on a series of ion-conducting materials: an organic ionic plastic crystal, a proton-exchange membrane, and a polymer-gel electrolyte. These studies show the dependencies of small molecule and ion transport on modulations to material parameters, including thermal or magnetic treatment, water content, and/or crosslink density. I discuss the fundamental significance of the length scale over which translational Ea reports on these systems (~ 1 nm) and the resulting implications for using the Arrhenius equation parameters to understand and rationally design new ion-conductors. Next, I describe how NMR spectroscopy can be utilized to investigate the effect of loading a small molecule into the core of a spherical block copolymer micelle (to mimic, e.g., drug loading) on the hydrodynamic radius (rH) and polymer chain dynamics. In particular, I present spin-lattice relaxation (T1) results that directly measure single chain exchange rate kexch between micelles and diffusion results that inform on the unimer exchange mechanism. These convenient NMR methods thus offer an economical alternative (or complement) to time-resolved small angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS). / Ph. D. / Lithium ion batteries, fuel cells, and drug-delivery vehicles each depend on a fundamental understanding of the interface between materials science and molecular dynamics. Optimization of such materials usually requires routine analysis through common polymer characterization techniques. The present dissertation highlights the usage of an uncommon analytical tool to the polymer science community, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); and how it gives unprecedented access in gauging material performance when subjected to judicious multiscale analysis. Chemical specificity, non-destructiveness, and the ability to study dynamics on multi-time and length scales are only a few of the many advantages of NMR offers over other polymer characterization techniques. Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 investigate different classes of materials for their respective applications to better understand the aforementioned interface. These studies are intended to spark interest in new research areas while supplementing existing ones.

Afin d'étudier la diffusion et la libération de molécules de tailles inférieures dans un gel polymère, les coefficients d'auto-diffusion d'une série de polymères en étoile avec un noyau d'acide cholique et quatre branches de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) ont été déterminés par spectroscopie RMN à gradient de champ pulsé dans des solutions aqueuses et des gels de poly(alcool vinylique). Les coefficients de diffusion obtenus ont été comparés avec ceux des PEGs linéaires et dendritiques pour étudier l'effet de l'architecture des polymères. Les polymères en étoile amphiphiles ont des profils de diffusion en fonction de la concentration similaires à leurs homologues linéaires dans le régime dilué. Ils diffusent plus lentement dans le régime semi-dilué en raison de leur noyau hydrophobe. Leurs conformations en solution ont été étudiées par des mesures de temps de relaxation spin-réseau T1 du noyau et des branches. L'imagerie RMN a été utilisée pour étudier le gonflement des comprimés polymères et la diffusion dans la matrice polymère. Les comprimés étaient constitués d'amidon à haute teneur en amylose et chargés avec de l'acétaminophène (de 10 à 40% en poids). Le gonflement des comprimés, ainsi que l'absorption et la diffusion de l'eau, augmentent avec la teneur en médicament, tandis que le pourcentage de libération du médicament est similaire pour tous les comprimés. Le gonflement in vitro des comprimés d'un complexe polyélectrolyte à base d'amidon carboxyméthylé et de chitosane a également été étudié par imagerie RMN. Ces comprimés sont sensibles au pH : ils gonflent beaucoup plus dans les milieux acides que dans les milieux neutres en raison de la dissociation des deux composants et de la protonation des chaînes du chitosane. La comparaison des résultats avec ceux d'amidon à haute teneur en amylose indique que les deux matrices ont des gonflements et des profils de libération du médicament semblables dans les milieux neutres, alors que les comprimés complexes gonflent plus dans les milieux acides en raison de la dissociation du chitosane et de l'amidon. / In an effort to study the diffusion and release of small molecules in a polymeric system, the self-diffusion coefficients of a series of star polymers with a cholic acid core bearing four poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms in aqueous solutions and gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) were determined by pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR techniques. The results have been compared with those of linear and dendritic PEGs to elucidate the effect of the architecture of the polymers. The amphiphilic star polymers show similar concentration-dependent diffusion behaviors in the dilute regime to their linear homologues. They diffuse more slowly in the semi-dilute regime than the linear PEGs due to the presence of the hydrophobic core. The conformation of the star polymers in the solutions was studied by measuring the T1 values of the core and the arms of the diffusants. NMR imaging was used to study the swelling of polymeric tablets and diffusion in the polymer matrix. The tablets investigated were made of cross-linked high amylose starch (CHAS) and loaded with acetaminophen (10, 20 and 40 wt%). The swelling, water uptake and diffusion in the CHAS network are faster at higher drug loading levels, while the drug release rates are similar among all the tablets. The in vitro swelling of the tablets made of a polyelectrolyte complex based on chitosan and carboxymethylated starch has also been studied by NMR imaging. These tablets showed pH-sensitive behavior. They swelled much more in acidic media than in neutral media due to dissociation of the two components and the protonation of the amino groups in the chitosan residues. The comparison of the results with those obtained with the CHAS tablets indicates that the two matrices have similar swelling and drug release profile in neutral media, while the complex tablets showed a greater extent of swelling in acidic media due the dissociation of the chitosan from the complex.

No description available.

Les biofilms sont des communautés de microorganismes incorporés dans une matrice exo-polymérique complexe. Ils sont reconnus pour jouer un rôle important comme barrière de diffusion dans les systèmes environnementaux et la santé humaine, donnant lieu à une résistance accrue aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants. Comme le transfert de masse dans un biofilm est principalement dû à la diffusion moléculaire, il est primordial de comprendre les principaux paramètres influençant les flux de diffusion. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié un biofilm de Pseudomonas fluorescens et deux hydrogels modèles (agarose et alginate) pour lesquels l’autodiffusion (mouvement Brownien) et les coefficients de diffusion mutuels ont été quantifiés. La spectroscopie par corrélation de fluorescence a été utilisée pour mesurer les coefficients d'autodiffusion dans une volume confocal de ca. 1 m3 dans les gels ou les biofilms, tandis que les mesures de diffusion mutuelle ont été faites par cellule de diffusion. En outre, la voltamétrie sur microélectrode a été utilisée pour évaluer le potentiel de Donnan des gels afin de déterminer son impact sur la diffusion. Pour l'hydrogel d'agarose, les observations combinées d'une diminution du coefficient d’autodiffusion et de l’augmentation de la diffusion mutuelle pour une force ionique décroissante ont été attribuées au potentiel de Donnan du gel. Des mesures de l'effet Donnan (différence de -30 mV entre des forces ioniques de 10-4 et 10-1 M) et l'accumulation correspondante d’ions dans l'hydrogel (augmentation d’un facteur de 13 par rapport à la solution) ont indiqué que les interactions électrostatiques peuvent fortement influencer le flux de diffusion de cations, même dans un hydrogel faiblement chargé tel que l'agarose. Curieusement, pour un gel plus chargé comme l'alginate de calcium, la variation de la force ionique et du pH n'a donné lieu qu'à de légères variations de la diffusion de sondes chargées dans l'hydrogel. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en influençant la diffusion du soluté, l'effet direct des cations sur la structure du gel (compression et/ou gonflement induits) était beaucoup plus efficace que l'effet Donnan. De même, pour un biofilm bactérien, les coefficients d'autodiffusion étaient pratiquement constants sur toute une gamme de force ionique (10-4-10-1 M), aussi bien pour des petits solutés chargés négativement ou positivement (le rapport du coefficient d’autodiffusion dans biofilm sur celui dans la solution, Db/Dw ≈ 85 %) que pour des nanoparticules (Db/Dw≈ 50 %), suggérant que l'effet d'obstruction des biofilms l’emporte sur l'effet de charge. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que parmi les divers facteurs majeurs qui affectent la diffusion dans un biofilm environnemental oligotrophe (exclusion stérique, interactions électrostatiques et hydrophobes), les effets d'obstruction semblent être les plus importants lorsque l'on tente de comprendre la diffusion du soluté. Alors que les effets de charge ne semblaient pas être importants pour l'autodiffusion de substrats chargés dans l'hydrogel d'alginate ou dans le biofilm bactérien, ils ont joué un rôle clé dans la compréhension de la diffusion à travers l’agarose. L’ensemble de ces résultats devraient être très utiles pour l'évaluation de la biodisponibilité des contaminants traces et des nanoparticules dans l'environnement. / Biofilms are primarily communities of microorganisms embedded in a complex exopolymer matrix. They are thought to play an important role as diffusive barriers in environmental systems and human health, resulting in increased resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics. Since mass transport in a biofilm is primarily due to molecular diffusion, it is critical to understand the main parameters influencing diffusive fluxes in a biofilm. In this thesis, a Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm and two model hydrogels, (agarose and calcium alginate), were investigated. Both self-diffusion (Brownian motion) and mutual diffusion coefficients were quantified. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was used to measure the self-diffusion coefficients in a ca. 1 m3 confocal volume in the gels or biofilms, whereas a diffusion cell setup was employed for mutual diffusion measurements. In addition, microelectrode voltammetry was used to evaluate Donnan potential of the gels in order to determine its impact on diffusion. For the agarose hydrogel, the combined observations of a decreasing self-diffusion coefficient coupled with increasing mutual diffusion as a function of a decreasing ionic strength have been attributed to the gel’s Donnan potential. Measurements of the Donnan effect (difference of -30 mV between ionic strengths of 10-4 and 10-1 M) and the corresponding accumulation of ions in the hydrogel (13x enhancement with respect to the bulk solution) indicated that electrostatic interactions can strongly influence the diffusive flux of cations, even in a weakly charged hydrogel, such as agarose. Somewhat surprisingly, for a more highly charged gel such as calcium alginate, varying ionic strength and pH resulted in only small changes to the diffusion of charged probes in the hydrogel. These results suggested that the direct effect of the cations on gel structure (due to an induced swelling or compression) was much more effective than the Donnan effect when influencing solute diffusion. Similarly, for a bacterial biofilm, self-diffusion coefficients were virtually constant across a range of examined ionic strengths (10-4-10-1 M) for both negatively and positively charged small solutes (Db/Dw≈85%) and nanoparticles (Db/Dw≈50%), suggesting that the obstruction effect of the biofilms again overwhelmed the charge effect. The results of this work indicated that among the various major factors affecting diffusion in an oligotrophic environmental biofilm (steric exclusion, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions), obstruction effects appeared to be the most important when attempting to understand the solute diffusion. While charge effects did not appear to be important to the self-diffusion of charged substrates in the alginate hydrogel or bacterial biofilm, they were key to understanding diffusion through another gel, with numerous biomedical and environmental applications, i.e. agarose. These results should be extremely useful when evaluating the bioavailability of the trace contaminants and nanoparticles in the environment.

The goal of this work was to synthesize complex macromolecular architectures such as dendrimers and dendronized polymers, and evaluate the effect from the dendrons on the optical and material properties. The work presented in this doctoral thesis, Dendrimers and Dendronized Polymers - Synthesis and Characterization, is divided into one minor and one major part. The first part deals with the synthesis and characterization of two sets of dendritic porphyrins based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA). The second part deals with the synthesis and characterization of dendronized poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacylate), dendronized poly(norbornene), and dendronized triblock copolymers, were the pendant dendrons are based on bis-MPA. Both free-base and zinc containing dendritic porphyrins was synthesized up to the fifth generation by employing iterative ester coupling utilizing the acetonide protected anhydride of bis-MPA as generic building block. First and second generation dendron bearing methacrylates based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were also synthesized by utilizing the acetonide protected anhydride of bis-MPA, and subsequently polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization. By adopting a divergent “graft-to” approach starting from the first generation dendronized poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate), well-defined dendronized polymers with acetonide, hydroxyl, acetate and hexadecyl surface functionality were obtained. By utilizing the same divergent iterative esterfication, first to fourth generation dendron functionalized norbornenes were synthesized. These monomers were polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization, utilizing either Grubbs´ first or second generation catalyst. Acrylate functional first to fourth generation monomers were synthesized by the copper(I) catalyzed “click” coupling of azido functional dendrons and propargyl acrylate. The monomers were polymerized to dendronized triblock copolymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, utilizing a difunctional poly(methyl methacrylate) as macro chain transfer agent. The bulk properties of the dendronized poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) and poly(norbornene) were investigated by dynamic rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that all the acetonide functional bis-MPA based dendronized polymers had glass transitions temperatures in a similar range. The rheological behaviour showed that for the dendronized polymers having the same backbone length the complex viscosity as a function of functionality was independent of the surface functionality of the polymer. The generation number of the polymer had a profound influence on the complex viscosity, changing form a Newtonian behaviour to a shear thinning behaviour when the generation of the dendrons was increased from two to four. The dendronized poly(norbornene) had increasingly shorter backbone lengths for each generational increase, and for the materials set with comparably lower degree of polymerization, the G’ part of the complex modulus was mostly affected by attaching larger dendrons. In the case of the sample set of higher degree of polymerization, the second, third, and fourth generation samples had similar slopes of the G’ and G” curves, indicating a similar relaxation behaviour. / QC 20100914

No description available.