This thesis focuses on the dilemma of self-employment. It tries to explore the relationship between self-employed people and public finances in general. The goal itself is an analysis of the relationship between public budgets and payments of the self-employed. But for more the thesis adds calculations of two hypothetic models of regulation and deregulation. Secondary goal is an evaluation of a self- employment status as solution for unemployment. Rational choice theory and prospect theory are also used along the way. As methods of research, the cost-benefit analysis and questionnaire survey was used. According to the outcomes of calculations etc. the result seems to be negative in economic way for current setup of payments with dominant loss of potential financial resources in retirement funds. Nevertheless, a number of savings also takes place. But even mentioned savings can't cover the discrepancy between potential incomes and real ones.

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Entrepreneurs are portrayed as salient drivers of regional development and for a number of years nascent entrepreneurs have been studied in a large number of countries as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project and the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Scholars have devoted much effort to investigating factors that determine how individuals engage in entrepreneurial activities, with most of the discussion limited to business start-ups. However, since this type of project does not follow identical nascent entrepreneurs over time, limited knowledge exists about their development and whether they stay in this nascent phase for a long time. In practice, it is common for entrepreneurs to run a business and at the same time work in wage work, so-called combining entrepreneurs. In Sweden, almost half of all business owners combine wage work with a business. However, not all combining entrepreneurs will eventually decide to leave the wage work and invest fully in the business. Consequently, much research has focused on the first step of entering entrepreneurship full time, but less has focused on the second step, the transition from the combining phase to full-time self-employment. The aim of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurship by gaining a deeper understanding of combining entrepreneurs and their motives and intentions.   In the context of combining entrepreneurs, the theory of identity, resources and choice overload has been used to examine how entrepreneurs’ age (when starting the business), entrepreneurial tenure (the length of engagement in the side-business), hours spent (weekly involvement in the side-business), involvement in entrepreneurial teams (leading the business with one or more partners) and involvement in networks (business networks) influence their passion for engaging in entrepreneurship while sustaining wage work. Different categories of combining entrepreneurs and their intentions have also been examined.   A survey was administered to 1457 entrepreneurs within the creative sector in two counties in Sweden (Gävleborgs County and Jämtlands County). Since there were no separate mailing lists to only combining entrepreneurs, the survey was sent to all entrepreneurs within the chosen industry and counties. The total response rate was 33.5 percent and of them 57.6 percent combined, yielding 262 combining entrepreneurs who answered the questionnaire. The survey was then followed up with eight focus group interviews and two single interviews to validate the answers from the questionnaire.   The results indicate three types of combining entrepreneurs: nascent – with the intention to leave the combining phase for a transition into full-time self-employment, lifestyle – with the intention to stay in the combining phase, and occasional – with the intention to leave the combining phase for full-time wage work and close down the business. Transitioning fully to self-employment increases with the individual’s age. Also, a positive interactive effect exists with involvement in entrepreneurial networks. The results also indicate that the ability to work with something one is passionate about is the top motive for combining wage work with a side-business. Passion is also more likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who are older at business start-up, but passion is less likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who spend more time on the business. The longer the individual has had the side-business, the less likely passion is the main motive behind the combining form, and passion is less likely to be the main motive among those who are part of an entrepreneurial team. / <p>Avhandlingen baseras på fem delarbeten, tre var opublicerade vid tidpunkten för disputationen, två länkas här.</p>

Entrepreneurs are portrayed as salient drivers of regional development and for a number of years nascent entrepreneurs have been studied in a large number of countries as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project and the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Scholars have devoted much effort to investigating factors that determine how individuals engage in entrepreneurial activities, with most of the discussion limited to business start-ups. However, since this type of project does not follow identical nascent entrepreneurs over time, limited knowledge exists about their development and whether they stay in this nascent phase for a long time. In practice, it is common for entrepreneurs to run a business and at the same time work in wage work, so-called combining entrepreneurs. In Sweden, almost half of all business owners combine wage work with a business. However, not all combining entrepreneurs will eventually decide to leave the wage work and invest fully in the business. Consequently, much research has focused on the first step of entering entrepreneurship full time, but less has focused on the second step, the transition from the combining phase to full-time self-employment. The aim of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurship by gaining a deeper understanding of combining entrepreneurs and their motives and intentions.   In the context of combining entrepreneurs, the theory of identity, resources and choice overload has been used to examine how entrepreneurs’ age (when starting the business), entrepreneurial tenure (the length of engagement in the side-business), hours spent (weekly involvement in the side-business), involvement in entrepreneurial teams (leading the business with one or more partners) and involvement in networks (business networks) influence their passion for engaging in entrepreneurship while sustaining wage work. Different categories of combining entrepreneurs and their intentions have also been examined.   A survey was administered to 1457 entrepreneurs within the creative sector in two counties in Sweden (Gävleborgs County and Jämtlands County). Since there were no separate mailing lists to only combining entrepreneurs, the survey was sent to all entrepreneurs within the chosen industry and counties. The total response rate was 33.5 percent and of them 57.6 percent combined, yielding 262 combining entrepreneurs who answered the questionnaire. The survey was then followed up with eight focus group interviews and two single interviews to validate the answers from the questionnaire.   The results indicate three types of combining entrepreneurs: nascent – with the intention to leave the combining phase for a transition into full-time self-employment, lifestyle – with the intention to stay in the combining phase, and occasional – with the intention to leave the combining phase for full-time wage work and close down the business. Transitioning fully to self-employment increases with the individual’s age. Also, a positive interactive effect exists with involvement in entrepreneurial networks. The results also indicate that the ability to work with something one is passionate about is the top motive for combining wage work with a side-business. Passion is also more likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who are older at business start-up, but passion is less likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who spend more time on the business. The longer the individual has had the side-business, the less likely passion is the main motive behind the combining form, and passion is less likely to be the main motive among those who are part of an entrepreneurial team.

This thesis studies the role of new firms in the labour market and uses Swedish data to analyze labour mobility in new firms, including both transitions of workers into and from new firms. In particular, it focuses on employees’ wages in new firms and post-new firm employment labour market outcomes as transitions into long-term employment and entrepreneurship.  This thesis consists of four essays. The first two essays concern labour mobility into new firms. The last two essays focus on post-new firm employment mobility. The first essay explores the role of new firms as an entry point into the labour market for individuals with little (or no) labour market experience. The findings show that the wage penalty found in previous research, which includes more heterogeneous groups of employees, decreases once the focus is solely on labour market entrants.  The second essay investigates whether there is a wage penalty for being employed at a new firm if the individual employee’s experience and status in the labour market are taken into account; this essay focuses on individuals who decide to switch jobs. The findings show that there is a wage penalty for being employed at a new firm; however, considering a random selection into new firms may underestimate the wage differentials. The third essay studies the role that new firms play for the career path of their employees. In particular, this paper analyzes whether short-term employment in new firms (employment lasting less than one year) may serve as a stepping stone toward long-term employment (at least two years of employment with the same employer) for non-employed individuals. The findings indicate that short-term employment in new firms may serve as a stepping stone toward long-term employment. The fourth paper examines the new firm effect on entrepreneurship, which the findings indicate is positive and statistically significant; this effect remains even after controlling for a worker's ability and shows that employees with both high and low levels of ability may transition to entrepreneurship. / <p>QC 20160916</p>

This dissertation contributes to the emerging empirical literature on the developmental impact of international migration in the source developing economy. Given the policy priority placed on job creation and the emphasis on wage impacts in recent work, the focus here is on the consequences of emigration on the extent of employment and the nature of that employment of those left behind. In particular, our questions are (i) does international migration and remittances have an impact on unemployment rates in the source country? and (ii) do remittances encourage entrepreneurship, as reflected by the share of workers classified as self-employed? We investigate these questions using census data from Mexico, unlike much of previous work that has relied on household survey data. Our empirical strategy attempts to address the typical issues of self-selection and endogeneity that migration impact studies encounter. We classify workers into skill groups and employ the Borjas (2003) empirical strategy, carrying out our analysis at the national level. We also introduce the fractional logit estimator (Papke and Wooldridge (1996)), unused in this field before, to address the fact that the dependent variables of concern are both proportions, and thus avoid the flaws in typical studies that investigate the impact of selected variables on the conditional expectation of a proportion or vector of proportions. Our results show that (i) emigration and remittances decrease native unemployment rates, and (ii) remittances intensify self-employment activities among the receivers. These results are even stronger once we control for sample bias and endogeneity. In terms of economic policy, we therefore provide indirect evidence that migration and remittances could be growth enhancing through their effects on employment in the source country. / Cette dissertation contribue à la littérature empirique naissante sur l'impact développemental de la migration internationale dans le pays source. Etant donné la priorité de politique placée sur la création d'emplois, l’analyse est ici portée sur les conséquences de l'émigration sur l'emploi et la nature de cet emploi. En particulier, nos questions sont les suivantes, d’une part, (i) est-ce que la migration internationale et les transferts de fonds des travailleurs migrants ont un impact sur le taux de chômage dans le pays de source? D’autre part, (ii) les transferts de fonds des travailleurs migrants encouragent-ils l'esprit d'entreprise, comme reflété par la proportion de travailleurs indépendants du pays source? Nous étudions ces questions en utilisant des données de recensement du Mexique et des Etats-Unis, à la différence de beaucoup des travaux précédents qui se sont fondés sur des données d'enquête de ménage. Notre stratégie empirique essaye d'adresser les problèmes de biais de sélection et d’endogénéite, problèmes que les études précédentes ont rencontrés. Nous classifions les travailleurs dans différents groupes de compétence et utilisons la stratégie empirique dévelopée par Borjas (2003), effectuant ainsi notre analyse au niveau national. Nous introduisons également l'estimateur partiel de logit (développé par Papke et Wooldridge (1996)). Nos résultants montrent que (i) l'émigration et les transferts de fonds de travailleurs migrants diminuent le taux de chômage du pays source, et par ailleurs (ii) les transferts de fonds de travailleurs migrants augmentent le taux de travailleurs indépendants dans le pays source. Ces résultats sont encore plus significatifs une fois que nous prenons en considération les problèmes économétriques liés aux biais de sélection et d’endogénéité. En termes de politique économique, nous fournissons donc des preuves empiriques quant aux effets de la migration internationale et des transferts de fonds migrants sur la croissance économique du pays de source.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Campos Gomes.pdf: 645904 bytes, checksum: af030022149e1ba6c2278e05b6159413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the determinants and recent dynamics of self-employment in Brazil, taking as a starting point similar analysis carried out by developed countries. The methods of research consist of bibliographical research, providing the required theoretical basis, and analysis of the main sources of information over the labor market in Brazil. Among the data sources used in this work, the PME and the PNAD are highlighted, remaining in line with the main definitions of major international organizations, such as ILO. The own-account workers are used as a proxy of self-employment in Brazil. As a result of the analysis of recent self-employment s dynamics in the country, we found some similarity with the achievements observed in other nations, that are, there were reduction of self-employment, during much of the twentieth century, until the 70's, followed by a continuing growth of self-employment over the 80 s and 90 s, and a new trend raised, in the first decade of XXI century, about a new reduction of self-employment s participation in the economy. And, finally, through the analysis of some determinants of self-employment in Brazil, which are unemployment, education, age and gender, it is concluded that, generally, self-employment can be seen as a negative phenomenon in the country, tending to serve as an alternative to the worker, in the face of adverse situations found at the labor market / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes e a dinâmica recente do auto-emprego no Brasil, tendo como ponto de partida análises similares realizadas nos países desenvolvidos. Como procedimentos de pesquisa, são utilizadas a pesquisa bibliográfica, fornecendo o embasamento teórico requerido, e a análise das principais fontes de informação sobre o mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Dentre as fontes de dados empregadas neste trabalho, destacam-se a PME e a PNAD, em sintonia com as principais definições de organismos internacionais importantes, como a OIT, com a utilização do trabalho por conta própria como proxy do auto-emprego no Brasil. Como resultado da análise da dinâmica recente do auto-emprego no país, verifica-se algo muito semelhante ao observado nos demais países, ou seja, redução do auto-emprego durante boa parte do século XX, até a década de 70, seguido de um crescimento contínuo do auto-emprego ao longo das décadas de 80 e 90, e uma nova tendência de redução de sua participação, na primeira década do século XXI. E, finalmente, por meio da análise de alguns determinantes do auto-emprego no Brasil, que são o desemprego, a educação, a idade e o gênero, conclui-se que, de forma geral, o auto-emprego pode ser visto como um fenômeno mais negativo no país, tendendo a servir como uma alternativa ao trabalhador, diante de situações adversas no mercado de trabalho