Attitudes toward violence and reasons for living in young adolescents with high, moderate, and low self-esteem were examined. The authors devised an Attitudes Toward Violence questionnaire; the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (RSE) and the Brief Reasons for Living in Adolescents (BRFL-A) was used to assess adaptive characteristics. The independent variables were gender and self-esteem. The dependent variables were total Reasons for Living score and Attitudes Toward Violence score. Participants included 138 boys and 95 girls, ages 11 to 15 years (M = 13.3) from a city middle school. The results showed that for the dependent variable attitudes toward violence, main effects were found for both gender and self-esteem. For the dependent variable reasons for living, a main effect was found for self-esteem but not for gender. An inverse relationship was found between violence and reasons for living. Being male and low self-esteem emerged as predictors of more accepting attitudes toward violence. Low self-esteem was significantly related to fewer reasons for living.

The current belief that fashionable clothing worn to school by students influences their attitude and behavior is the major impetus behind the adoption of stricter dress policies, including uniforms (Behling, 1994). Data available in the United States do not support any specific conclusions about the effects of school uniforms (Palikos & Rist, 1996). A mandatory uniform dress policy was implemented at an urban middle school located in southeastern Virginia. Students in the 9th grade during 1997-98, who also completed three consecutive years at this middle school from 1994-95 through 1996- 97 were the participants in the study. Information was collected and analyzed using an Analysis of Variance for attendance, discipline, grade point average, and self-esteem data using an alpha of .05. The sample of 146 students included 96 Black students (48 men and 48 women) and 50 White students (27 men and 23 women). Independent variables were race, gender, and time. Findings revealed that uniforms had a negative impact on attendance, grade point average, and self-esteem. Discipline indicators (total number of referrals, rule violations, and out-of-school suspensions) showed mixed results. The first year of uniform implementation showed a significant decline in the number of referrals, rule violations, and suspensions for study participant. During the second year of implementation, however, the trend reversed with an increase in all discipline categories exceeding the baseline or non-uniform year. / Ed. D.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that women who exercise regularly increase not only their physical strength but also their mental strength, which has been conceptualized as self-confidence, assertiveness, and self-esteem. Empirical investigation into this area of research, however, is scarce. One study found that self-reported victimization rates of female athletes were significantly lower when compared with another study's female non-athlete sample. More recently, research found significant differences in levels of self-esteem and sexual victimization rates between female collegiate varsity athletes and the general female college population. The current study is a subsequent analysis of the data used in the aforementioned study. Data were collected from an undergraduate population of females in a mid-sized western university. Subjects were drawn from four varsity athletic teams and from two general classes. Measures of sexual victimization, self-esteem, and exercise habits were administered. The current study found that frequency of exercise, intensity of exercise, duration of exercise, and self-esteem, were not related to victimization at a statistically significant level. This was true for the sample as a whole, and when varsity athletes and non-varsity athletes were considered separately. Though it did not reach statistical significance, further analysis revealed that varsity athletes were three times less likely to report victimization than non-varsity athletes. Gender stereotype of exercise was not able to predict victimization scores over and above frequency of exercise, intensity of exercise, duration of exercise, and self-esteem, among non-varsity athletes. The variable of gender stereotype of exercise demonstrated that subjects who reported female-stereotyped exercises were three times more likely than those who participated in gender-neutral exercises, and eight times more likely than those who participated in male-stereotyped exercises, to endorse statements of sexual victimization. These results, however, were not statistically significant. Though neither research hypothesis was supported, analyses indicated that further investigation into variables that buffer one against sexual victimization relative to self-esteem and choice of exercise habits is merited.

The intent of this study was to use an experimental model to investigate the use of dance training for improving the self-esteem of women over the age of 35. Sixteen women over the age of 35 were taught jazz dance over a 10 week period. A pre and post test of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale was used on both a dance group and a no dance group. It was hypothesized there would be positive changes in three of the 10 scores in the TSCS for the dance group, but not for the no dance group. The scores predicted to were Physical Self, Personal Self, Self Satisfaction. Analysis of covariance confirmed change in the Physical and Personal scores for the dance group but no change in the Self Satisfaction score. Behavioral Self and Total P scores also changed for the dance group.

Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / This study explored the self-esteem of teenagers with oculocutaneous albinism and how they perceive societal attitudes towards them. A total of 40 teenage learners with oculocutaneous albinism from a special school and 60 teenage learners without the condition from the regular school in the Polokwane Municipality (Limpopo Province-South Africa) participated in the study. Qualitative and quantitative methods were triangulated in the study. Data were collected using the questionnaires and focus group discussions. The results revealed that teenagers with oculocutaneous albinism (experimental group) scored higher (Mean=36.08) than the control group (Mean=33.57) on the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. The study furthermore revealed that community members and teachers are perceived as having mixed (positive and negative) attitudes whereas family members and peers hold positive attitudes towards teenagers with oculocutaneous albinism. Although the teenagers with oculocutaneous albinism were found to have positive self-esteem, there is still a need for more organized community education programmes to educate the Black African communities about albinism.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between physical fitness and self-esteem and to investigate the effect of different treatments on these variables. The research to date which has attempted to determine the relationship between physical fitness and self-esteem is contradictory and inconclusive. The justification for this study revolves around the question of how can health educators better realize the goal of encouraging people to lead more healthful life styles. It can be argued that the major purpose of health education is to encourage youngsters to care enough about themselves to care for themselves. Many educators think that the variables of self-esteem and physical fitness are closely related. The person with a high sense of worth may be likely to have a vitality which will manifest itself a high level of fitness. He may also be more likely to put forth the effort required to maintain high fitness levels. It is also possible that an increase in level of fitness will bring a concomitant increase in self-esteem. It is to determine the validity of this last statement that this study was undertaken. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group counseling and cardiovascular fitness programs on self-esteem and physical fitness. The subjects who participated in this study were ninth grade boys. There were four groups of students with fifteen students in each group. The four treatments were: (1) the cardiovascular fitness group, (2) the counseling group, (3) the cardiovascular fitness and counseling group, (4) the control group. The rationale underlying the inclusion of group counseling and physical education programs was that an integrated program would increase motivation. Much of the content of the group counseling program dealt with the importance of setting goals and working towards their attainment. The duration of the program was ten weeks. All students were given a pretest and a posttest on self-esteem and physical fitness. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was used to measure self-esteem. The Cooper Twelve Minute Run Walk Test was used to assess cardiovascular fitness. The study was concerned with two hypotheses, each statistically analyzed through the technique of analysis of covariance. Hypothesis I There will be no significant differences in the level of cardiovascular fitness between the cardiovascular fitness group, the counseling group, the cardiovascular fitness and counseling group and the control group and the control group after the experimental period. A significant difference at the .05 level or better occurred between: 1. The cardiovascular fitness group and the control group 2. The cardiovascular fitness and counseling group and the control group. Hypotheses II There will be no significant differences in self-esteem between the cardiovascular fitness group, the counseling group the cardiovascular fitness and counseling group and the control group after the experimental period. Test scores showed no significant differences in self-esteem. Summary The results of this study indicated that an integrated program of counseling and physical education was the most effective program in improving cardiovascular fitness. It was also demonstrated that there were no changes in self-esteem as the result of the program. / 2031-01-01

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