Formatos de modulação com capacidade de ajuste às condições variáveis de propagação são de interesse para uso em redes ópticas reconfiguráveis. Alterações nos níveis de potência e no mapa de dispersão afetam o desempenho de sistemas de transmissão, limitando o alcance e a capacidade de reconfiguração da rede. Fornecer capacidade de ajuste dinâmico ao sinal transmitido, sem usar sistemas complexos de modulação ou de compensação variável de dispersão, é uma solução eficaz para se obter rendimento ótimo nas diversas condições de propagação na rede. Esta característica também é útil na instalação de redes convencionais, poupando tempo e reduzindo custos. Neste trabalho é proposto o formato de modulação NRZ com gorjeio sincronizado com o sinal como alternativa para sobrepujar as limitações impostas pelas redes reconfiguráveis. O sistema proposto tem o atrativo de permitir, além da capacidade de adaptação, a possibilidade de integração dos componentes ópticos do modulador num mesmo substrato. O desempenho do formato de modulação proposto foi analisado em diversas condições de propagação para sistemas a 10 Gbit/s, tanto em sistemas ponto-a-ponto como de longas distâncias. Esta análise foi feita por meio de modelagem matemática, simulações numéricas e experimentos em laboratório. Foi demonstrada a capacidade de ajuste a diversos mapas de dispersão e seus limites, bem como a compensação de efeitos da automodulação de fase causados por alterações no nível da potência do sinal. / Modulation formats with adjustment capability to the variable propagation conditions are of interest in reconfigurable optical networks. Changes in optical power levels and dispersion compensation map affect the transmission system performance, limiting the range and the network reconfiguration capability. To provide dynamical adjustment capability to the transmitted signal, using neither complex modulation systems nor variable dispersion compensation, is an effective solution to obtain optimal performance within the diverse network propagation conditions. This characteristic is also useful during conventional networks installation, saving time and reducing costs. In this work it is proposed the NRZ modulation format with signal synchronized chirp as an alternative to overcome the limitations imposed by the reconfigurable networks. The proposed system has the benefit of allowing, more than adaptation capability, the possibility of integration of the optical modulator\'s components in the same substrate. The proposed modulation format was analyzed under diverse propagation conditions for 10 Gbit/s, in point-to-point as well as long-haul systems. This analyses war performed by mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and laboratorial experiments. It was demonstrated the adjustment capability for diverse dispersion compensation maps and its limits as well as the compensation of the self-phase modulation effects due to changes in optical power levels.

No description available.

La nécessité de prouver l’existence de nouvelles particules comme les quarks et le boson de Higgs a entrainé le développement de deux nouveaux pans de la recherche : la physique des hautes énergies ou physique des particules, dédiée à prouver expérimentalement l'existence de ces particules puis à étudier leurs propriétés et la physique des accélérateurs, dédiée au développement de nouveaux instruments pour la physique des hautes énergies.Dans ce contexte, des collisionneurs linéaires électrons/positrons polarisés de forte luminosité dont l'énergie serait connue et accordable pourrait permettre d’étudier plus finement des particules se situant dans des énergies autour du TeV telles que le Boson de Higgs. C'est dans ce sens que le projet International Linear Collider (ILC) est conçu et c'est dans le cadre du développement de ce collisionneur linéaire de particules que cette thèse de doctorat se situe. Un des points critiques de l'ILC est la source de positrons polarisés. Sans entrer dans des explications sur la physique du processus de création de positrons polarisés, nous précisons simplement que ceux-ci sont créés lorsque des rayons gamma polarisés circulairement interagissent avec la matière. Le point critique est donc la source de rayons gamma polarisés circulairement. Une alternative pour cette source est la diffusion Compton inverse et c'est finalement dans le cadre de la recherche et du développement de systèmes lasers de fortes puissances moyennes asservis à des cavités Fabry-Perot pour la production de rayons gamma polarisés par diffusion Compton inverse que se situe cette thèse.Dans un premier temps, nous posons plus précisément le contexte de cette thèse, le principe de la diffusion Compton inverse ainsi que le choix d’une architecture optique basée sur un laser fibré et une cavité Fabry-Perot. Nous finissons sur une énumération des différentes applications possibles de la diffusion Compton inverse montrant que les travaux présentés pourraient bénéficier de transfert technologique vers d’autres domaines. Dans un second temps, nous présentons les différentes architectures d’amplification laser fibrée étudiées ainsi que les résultats obtenus. Dans un troisième temps, nous faisons un rappel du principe de fonctionnement d’une cavité Fabry-Perot et présentons celle utilisée pour notre expérience ainsi que ses spécificités. Dans un quatrième temps, nous abordons l’expérience de diffusion Compton inverse qui nous a permis de présenter pour la première fois à notre connaissance l’utilisation conjointe d’un laser à fibre optique et d’une cavité Fabry-Perot dans le cadre d’un accélérateur de particules pour générer des rayons gamma. Le dispositif expérimental ainsi que les résultats obtenus sont alors présentés. Finalement, nous résumons les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit et proposons différentes possibilités d’évolution pour le système dans une conclusion générale. / The requirement to prove the existence of news particles like quarks and the Higgs boson has led the development of two news branches for the research: the high energy physics or particle physics, dedicated to experimentally prove the existence of these new particles then to study their properties and the accelerator physics, dedicated to develop particles accelerators for the high energy physic. In this context, polarized electrons/positrons high luminosity linear collider of known and scalable energy might enable more precise studies of particles with energy around the TeV such as the Higgs boson. To that end, the International Linear Collider (ILC) project is being designed and it is in this framework that this PhD thesis takes place. One of the critical points of the ILC is the polarized positrons source. Without going through further explanation on the physical process of polarized positrons production, we point out that they are produced when circularly polarized gamma rays interact with mater. Thus, the critical point is the circularly polarized gamma-ray source. A technical solution for this source is the Compton backscattering and in the end, this thesis takes place in the framework of R&D for high average power laser systems enslaved to Fabry-Perot cavities for polarized gamma-ray production by Compton backscattering. In the first part, we present this thesis context, the Compton backscattering principle and the choice for an optical architecture based on a fiber laser and a Fabry-Perot cavity. We finish by enumerating several possible applications for Compton backscattering which shows that the work presented here might benefits from technology transfer through others research fields. In the second part, we present the different fiber laser architecture studied as well as the results obtained. In the third part, we remind the operating principle of a Fabry-Perot cavity and present the one used for our experiment as well as its specificities. In the fourth part, we address the Compton backscattering experiment which enables us to present the joint utilization of a fiber laser and a Fabry-Perot cavity in a particles accelerator to generate gamma rays for the first time to our knowledge. The experimental apparatus as well as the results obtained are thus presented. In the end, we summarize the results presented in this manuscript and propose different evolution possibilities for the system in a general conclusion.

La course vers les impulsions ultra-courtes et énergétiques est en plein essor avec le développement de nombreuses applications. Dans ce manuscrit, plusieurs méthodes de réduction de la durée d'impulsion énergétique sont étudiées. La mise en oeuvre d’un système de post-compression basé sur le principe de SPM-NER dans une lame de silice a tout d'abord permis de produire, à partir d'impulsions de 50 fs, des impulsions de 16 fs-5mJ. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de post-compression efficace basée sur l'ionisation d'un gaz rare dans un capillaire creux. Cette technique a permis d'obtenir à la fois des impulsions ultra-courtes et des énergies importantes (11 fs-13 mJ). Les résultats d'une modélisation réalisée au CEA/SPAM, en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, ont permis d'approfondir la compréhension des divers mécanismes mis en jeu. Afin de produire des impulsions encore plus courtes, il est nécessaire de travailler directement dans les chaînes laser, en amont du système de post-compression. Le rétrécissement spectral par le gain dans leTi:saphir des chaînes laser, limite en général les durées des impulsions à 30 fs. Ce phénomène, étudié lors de cette thèse, a été compensé grâce à une modulation de perte spectrale (filtre) dans le pré-amplificateur (cavité régénérative), localisée au maximum de la courbe de gain. Des impulsions de l’ordre de 20 fs ont été obtenues. Ces études ont été complétées par une modélisation de l'amplification des impulsions qui s'est avérée en très bon accord avec les mesures expérimentales. La possibilité de combiner ces procédés permettra, àcourt terme, la production d'impulsions laser sub-10 fs énergétiques (~10 mJ) pour générer des impulsions XUV attosecondes isolées. / High energy ultrashort pulses are highly desirable for many applications. In thismanuscript, we described several methods for pulse duration reduction at high energy. A postcompressionsystem, using SPM-NER in a fused silica plate, has firstly provided 16 fs-5mJpulses, from 50 fs pulses. In a second part, we present a new efficient post compressiontechnique, achieved through ionization of gas in a capillary. With this technique, ultrashortand high energy pulses have been reached (11 fs-13 mJ). Results from modeling done atCEA/SPAM, in good agreement with the experimental ones, have been used to understanddeeply all the involved mechanisms. In order to get even shorter pulses, it is incontrovertibleto work on the laser chain, in front of the post-compression systems. In general, due tospectral gain narrowing in Ti:Saphir laser chain, the pulse duration is limited to 30 fs. Thiseffect, investigated in this thesis, has been compensated by modulating the spectral losses(filter) in the pre-amplifier (regenerative cavity), localized at the gain curve maximum. Pulseduration in the order of 20 fs has been obtained. This study has been completed with a pulseamplification model that shows very good agreement with the experimental measurements.The possibility to combine these processes should generate, in the short term, high energy (10mJ) sub-10 fs laser pulses to produce isolated XUV attosecond pulses.

No description available.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Nesta dissertaÃÃo foi estudada a aplicaÃÃo do filtro AcÃstico-Ãptico SintonizÃvel (AOTF), com a ModulaÃÃo de Pulsos por PosiÃÃo (PPM), objetivando implementar, utilizando o mÃtodo de Runge-Kutta de 4a ordem, portas lÃgicas (OR-OU e AND-E) Ãpticas operando com pulsos de luz ultracurtos (2ps). Neste trabalho à investigado o desempenho das portas considerando vÃrios comprimentos do filtro ( L) que integra a sua estrutura interna, com o intuito de obter o comprimento de filtro mais adequado para uma operaÃÃo satisfatÃria, em regime dispersivo, nÃo linear, sem perdas e com modulaÃÃo de fase cruzada (XPM). Esta investigaÃÃo à realizada em duas situaÃÃes: primeiramente, sÃo considerados filtros com automodulaÃÃo de fase (SPM) e GVD (dispersÃo da velocidade de grupo). Em um segundo momento, as mesmas portas sÃo obtidas com efeitos SPM, XPM e GVD agindo juntos no AOTF. Foi observado que para pulsos do tipo sÃliton, os efeitos da dispersÃo, da nÃo linearidade e da modulaÃÃo de fase cruzada exercem juntos uma forte influÃncia na propagaÃÃo do mesmo, provocando a quebra do pulso na saÃda do dispositivo quando utilizamos um comprimento maior para os filtros. Para dispositivos mais curtos, o pulso chaveado apresentou compressÃes e alargamentos temporais e espectrais, bem comodeslocamentos temporais nos dois modo de propagaÃÃo (TE e TM). ApÃs a escolha de um comprimento de filtro adequado, foi selecionado um deslocamento temporal Ãtimo a ser aplicado nos pulsos de entrada para conseguirmos, na saÃda da porta lÃgica, deslocamentos temporais satisfatÃrios (acertos) na aplicaÃÃo da modulaÃÃo PPM. Em seguida, introduzimos fases em um dos pulsos de entrada (TM), provocando um defasamento entre os pulsos TE e TM, reduzindo ainda mais a margem de erro PPM de operaÃÃo das portas. Finalmente, ao analisarmos as fases aplicadas no pulso TM (0 a 2), definirmos o melhor Ãngulo de fase para que as portas operem na regiÃo de acerto da modulaÃÃo PPM. / In this dissertation it was studied the application of the Acoustic Optical Tunable Filter (AOTF), with Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), aiming at to implement, using the method of Runge-Kutta of 4a order, logical gates (OR and AND) optical operating with pulses of light ultra shorts (2ps). In this work the acting of the gates is investigated, considering several lengths of the filter (  L) that integrates your internal structure, with the intention of obtaining the length of more appropriate filter for a satisfactory operation, in dispersion regime, nonlinear, without losses and with Cross Phase Modulation (XPM). This investigation is accomplished in two situations: firstly, filters are considered with Self Phase Modulation (SPM) and GVD (group-velocity dispersion). In a second moment, the same gates are obtained with effects SPM, XPM and GVD, acting together in AOTF. It was observed that for pulses of the type soliton, the effects of the dispersion, of the nonlinearity and of the cross phase modulation exercise together a strong influences in the propagation of the same, provoking the break of the pulse in the exit of the device when we used a larger length for the filters. For shorter devices, the switched pulse presented temporary and spectral compression and spread, as well as, displacement in the time in the two propagation modes (TE and TM). After the choice of a length of appropriate filter, a great temporary displacement was selected to be applied in the input pulses for us to get, in the exit of the logical gate, satisfactory temporary displacements (successes) in the application of the PPM modulation. Soon after, we introduced phases in one of the entrance pulses (TM), provoking a phase displacement among TE and TM pulses, still reducing more the margin of error PPM of operation of the gates. Finally, to the we analyze the applied phases in the pulse TM (0 to 2), we defined the best phase angle for the gates to operate in the success area of the PPM modulation.