Notre étude a commencé par une brève présentation de la langue persane et des parties du discours suivi par la démonstration de l'adjectif persan dans la grammaire contemporaine, notion floue dans les études antérieures. Étant donné que l'adjectif persan n'a pas de marquage flexionnel, cette étude exploratoire a pour but d’identifier des critères pertinents pour distinguer la catégorie adjectivale des autres catégories existantes (notamment nominale et verbale). Le résultat de ce travail nous a conduits à une étude morphosyntaxique et sémantique nous permettant de conclure au fait que l'adjectif persan est une sous-catégorie de la catégorie nominale. / Our study begins with a brief presentation of the Persian language and the parts of speech followed by the demonstration of the Persian adjective in the contemporary grammar and to look for this vague notion in the previous studies. Given that the Persian adjective has no inflected marking, this search aims to identifying distinctive criteria to distinguish the adjectival category from the other existing categories (in particular nominal and verbal). The results of this work conduct us towards a morphosyntactic and semantic study which allowing us to conclude that the Persian adjective is a subcategory of the nominal category.

The aim of this thesis is to present semi-copular constructions in present-day Spanish. We define semi-copular verbs and characterize their relation to copular verbs. In the chapters of the thesis, we present the list of possible subject complements which form constructions with these verbs. We determine their type, semantic scope and possible restrictions. In the experimental part, we examine the adjectives related to selected semi-copular verbs - ponerse, quedarse, hacerse and volverse - in detail and we discuss their compatibility with verbs ser and estar. We also deal with the qualitative analysis of the semantic range for selected occurrences of semi- copular verbs in conjunction with adjectives. Key words: copular verbs, semi-copular verbs, semantic classification of verbs, Spanish

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This dissertation aims to identify and analyse the frequency distribution of mor- phological forms of nouns in contemporary Czech. The work is based on an error analysis of texts of non-native speakers revealing and describing frequent types of errors in noun inflection. Against the background of recent research in the field of second language acquisition on the one hand and the principles of communicative approaches to language teaching on the other hand nine textbooks of Czech as a foreign language are analysed for approaches to the introduction and presentation of grammatical cases, their functions and typical constructions. It is concluded that it is necessary to exemplify case functions by prototypical constructions and sufficient sample nouns for which these functions are typical. With regard to the often observed emphasis on the noun as a part of the inflectional paradigm and thus on the nominative singular as its basic form, it is eligible for textbooks and language classes to shift the focus from the dominant paradigmatic to the syntag- matic aspect of nouns and their word forms. One of the initial questions of these theses therefore is which forms of a noun are essential to the adequate (didactical- ly oriented) presentation of the noun and its use. A pilot study conducted on the data of...

La modélisation automatique de villes à partir d’images satellites est l'un des principaux défis en lien avec la reconstruction urbaine. Son objectif est de représenter des villes en 3D de manière suffisamment compacte et précise. Elle trouve son application dans divers domaines, qui vont de la planification urbaine aux télécommunications, en passant par la gestion des catastrophes. L'imagerie satellite offre plusieurs avantages sur l'imagerie aérienne classique, tels qu'un faible coût d'acquisition, une couverture mondiale et une bonne fréquence de passage au-dessus des sites visités. Elle impose toutefois un certain nombre de contraintes techniques. Les méthodes existantes ne permettent que la synthèse de DSM (Digital Surface Models), dont la précision est parfois inégale. Cette dissertation décrit une méthode entièrement automatique pour la production de modèles 3D compacts, précis et répondant à une sémantique particulière, à partir de deux images satellites en stéréo. Cette méthode repose sur deux grands concepts. D'une part, la description géométrique des objets et leur assimilation à des catégories génériques sont effectuées simultanément, conférant ainsi une certaine robustesse face aux occlusions partielles ainsi qu'à la faible qualité des images. D'autre part, la méthode opère à une échelle géométrique très basse, ce qui permet la préservation de la forme des objets, avec finalement, une plus grande efficacité et un meilleur passage à l'échelle. Pour générer des régions élémentaires, un algorithme de partitionnement de l'image en polygones convexes est présenté. / Automatic city modeling from satellite imagery is one of the biggest challenges in urban reconstruction. The ultimate goal is to produce compact and accurate 3D city models that benefit many application fields such as urban planning, telecommunications and disaster management. Compared with aerial acquisition, satellite imagery provides appealing advantages such as low acquisition cost, worldwide coverage and high collection frequency. However, satellite context also imposes a set of technical constraints as a lower pixel resolution and a wider that challenge 3D city reconstruction. In this PhD thesis, we present a set of methodological tools for generating compact, semantically-aware and geometrically accurate 3D city models from stereo pairs of satellite images. The proposed pipeline relies on two key ingredients. First, geometry and semantics are retrieved simultaneously providing robust handling of occlusion areas and low image quality. Second, it operates at the scale of geometric atomic regions which allows the shape of urban objects to be well preserved, with a gain in scalability and efficiency. Images are first decomposed into convex polygons that capture geometric details via Voronoi diagram. Semantic classes, elevations, and 3D geometric shapes are then retrieved in a joint classification and reconstruction process operating on polygons. Experimental results on various cities around the world show the robustness, scalability and efficiency of the proposed approach.